                           ˿µϣ20100201գ

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˿(www.xys.org)(xys4.dxiong.com)(www.xinyusi.info)(xys2.dropin.org)

Խ¶

ڴ½һЩʢѧй㷺еĸѾҵĿѧ磬
һ˾Ҫһ֮¶١ѧ

ߣPaul Mooney
ۡϻ籨2010131

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Lie Detector

Widespread corruption among some of the mainland's most ambitious 
academics has undermined the country's scientific community but one 
man has made it his mission to expose the culprits and clean up the 
system  

Paul Mooney 
Jan 31, 2010, South China Morning Post Magazine
       
On January 16, Fang Shimin kicked off the new year with a recap of his 
top 10 news items of 2009. On his popular New Threads blog 
(www.xys.org), Fang, both respected and hated as the mainland's 
self-appointed "science cop", revisited a string of startling 
allegations: 12 university presidents and vice-presidents accused of 
plagiarism; a university president who claimed a leading scientific 
prize that was not rightfully his; two professors caught faking 
research results in an international journal; and a medical doctor who 
distorted the success rate for a new surgical procedure, which could 
have had serious health implications.
Fang's rogue's gallery made it seem like every time a light bulb goes 
on in the head of a genuine genius, there's a mainland scientist at 
hand to steal the idea and bask in the illicit glory, but the list 
came as no surprise to followers of the blog. For close to a decade, 
Fang, who goes by the pen name Fang Zhouzi, has been using the site to 
battle academic corruption, which, some say, has become so endemic on 
the mainland, it poses a threat to the country's development.
 Fang, who earned a PhD in biochemistry from Michigan State University, 
in the United States, in 1995, became concerned about the phenomenon 
in 2000, when he started to see an increase in reports of academic 
cheating on the internet and in the print media. A fan of literature, 
Fang had a literary website called New Threads, which he has since 
employed to expose academic fraud.
"I care about science in China," he says, sitting in a Beijing cafe. 
"I want to see it go somewhere. [Academic fraud] is more common [here] 
than in any other country and more common than in any other period in 
Chinese history."
A survey conducted by the China Association for Science and Technology 
showed more than half of the scientists contacted said they were 
personally familiar with cases of scientific misconduct. However, few 
of the guilty parties are punished and that's what irks Fang, whose 
training in the US exposed him to a system in which plagiarism is rare 
and, when it does occur, is severely punished.
Shen Yang, an associate professor at the Information Management School 
of Wuhan University, pioneered software that detects plagiarism in 
university papers, but the will to implement such innovation has yet 
to surface.
Fang says that out of the more than 900 cases of academic corruption 
he has exposed only 20 have resulted in punishment - and the majority 
of those involved students.
New Threads receives about 100,000 hits a week, with close to 16 
million people - academics and students primarily but also journalists 
- having visited it during the past nine years. The government 
occasionally blocks access, forcing users to reach it via mirror sites.
"New Threads is the news source for the vast majority of science 
journalists in China, including myself," says Fang Xuanchang (no 
relation to Fang Shimin), a reporter with Science News. "Actually, the 
vast majority of the cases of academic corruption that were brought to 
light by the media in recent years were originally exposed by 
contributors to the New Threads blog," says the journalist, who calls 
the site the "New Threads deep throat", in reference to the informant 
in the US' Watergate scandal.
Fang Shimin says he gets more than 20 e-mails a day reporting academic 
corruption and he spends an average of four hours following up on the 
claims. He says he applies strict criteria in handling reports: 
accusers must provide their name - many decline to do this out of fear 
of retribution; concrete evidence must be provided; and the case must 
be relevant. Fang often does his own research, sometimes consulting 
with experts in fields he is less familiar with.
Academic corruption runs the gamut from false claims about 
international awards to outright intellectual-property theft. No less 
than 16 Chinese scholars have claimed to have won the prestigious 
Albert Einstein World Award of Science since it was launched in 1984. 
For some years, more than one mainland scientist has claimed the award, 
despite that fact that it is given to only to one person a year. A 
search of the recipients list on the website of the World Cultural 
Council - the body that bestows the honour - yields not one Chinese 
name.
In 2006, when Fang, acting on a tip, pored over the online resume of 
the new assistant dean of Tsinghua University's medical school, he 
became suspicious when he noticed that one of the research papers it 
listed was about the molecular biology of HIV - a subject not related 
to the dean's speciality: surgery. Fang dug a bit further and 
discovered that the paper had been written by a Chinese scientist in 
the US with the same family name and first initial. He also discovered 
the professor had lied about his work experience.
Fang argued that Xiao Chuanguo, professor of urology at Huazhong 
University of Science and Technology, had lied about winning a major 
award given by the American Urological Association and questioned the 
success rate of a new surgical procedure being touted by Xiao. The 
doctor failed in two attempts to be appointed to the prestigious 
Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and scholars credit New Threads for 
this.
Fang says that prior to the 1990s, the government had tight control on 
science and research and managed to keep a lid on cheating.
"After reform and opening, the controls were relaxed, and that was a 
good thing," he says. "We don't want the government controlling 
everything. But the side effect was that corruption and misconduct 
emerged."
Critics say government efforts to modernise the higher-education 
system are exacerbating the problem. The Ministry of Education and 
universities put pressure on academics to publish in journals 
catalogued by the Science Citation Index. School rankings, funding and 
monetary rewards are often based on such results.
A PhD candidate has to publish at least three papers before he can 
graduate, says Fang, and many graduate students are also required to 
publish. "That's huge, particularly for someone in biology or 
medicine," says Fang.
The publish-or-perish phenomenon has even extended to people teaching 
at junior colleges and high schools. But as more papers need to be 
published than can be accommodated by the country's key journals - the 
numbers run close to 500,000 per year - the trend has spawned a raft 
of low-quality "black journals", in which people pay to have their 
papers published.
"It's become a huge industry," says Fang. "And no one trusts the 
papers published in this kind of journal. It's just for promotion."
The pressure to publish has meant scholars churn out papers, often 
paying little attention to the quality of research or even lifting 
information from other sources without giving attribution. In many 
cases, professors allow their graduate students to do their research. 
If the student plagiarises, the professor pleads ignorance.
One of the problems, as Fang sees it, is that the fear of being caught 
is no disincentive.
"No one cares because the majority of scientists are involved in 
misconduct," he says. "So they don't think it's a big deal. You don't 
need to worry about being caught or punished."
Officials bear some of the blame, too, says Fang.
"The officials who have the power to distribute funding for research 
know nothing about science," he says. "They only know how to count the 
number of academic papers one has published. You only have to copy 
other peoples' papers and they say, `You've done a good job, here's 
your funding.'"
Universities and the government are often reluctant to punish cheaters, 
especially high-level scientists or someone who has Communist Party 
connections, which means just about any senior academic official.
"Government officials don't want to investigate and punish a 
vice-president or a president of a university because there's nothing 
in it for them," says Fang.
Universities will usually try to cover up such behaviour to protect 
the reputation of the institution. CAS members bring in large amounts 
of funding for their universities, Fang says. His website has exposed 
the misdeeds of about 20 members of the academy but none has been 
officially investigated or punished, he says.
He Shigang, of the CAS' Institute of Biophysics and a supporter of Fang, 
says: "Everything boils down to the political system. If the political 
system is corrupted you can't have a clean environment for anything."
"[Although the number is rising slightly] what appears in the media is 
a very small minority of the cases," says Fang Xuanchang. "Journalists 
have to consider whether or not there's a risk in reporting something. 
As a result, many cases go unreported."
There's a long history of scholarly cheating in China. During the Qing 
dynasty (1644-1911), scholars taking the rigorous imperial exam, to 
win coveted positions in the civil service, resorted to all sorts of 
tricks, including smuggling in miniature books, cheat sheets the size 
of a fingernail and even undershirts covered with relevant information.
In 1964, Mao Zedong went so far as to endorse cheating during a speech 
in which he criticised the staid education system and its emphasis on 
exams.
"At examinations, whispering into each other's ears and taking other 
people's places ought to be allowed," he declared. "If your answer is 
good and I copy it, then mine should be counted as good."
Cheating is also rampant among students. In recent years, qiangshou, 
or "hired guns", have been employed to take exams. Their services can 
be retained for just about any test on the mainland, including English 
language exams. One now-defunct website offered three options: a hired 
gun for 2,000 yuan (HK$2,275), answers in advance for 4,000 yuan or, 
for 1,200 yuan, answers provided during the test via a wireless device 
described as an imported "satellite receiver" no bigger than a 
thumbnail.
Fang says he makes no money from his blog, relying instead on the 
popular science books he writes to earn a living.
Eleven lawsuits have been brought against the crusader: courts ruled 
against him in three cases and dismissed five, while three are pending.
Xiao sued Fang for libel in a local court in Wuhan, Hubei province, 
where he teaches, winning the case and an appeal. Fang ignored the 
ruling and, last year, the court deducted 40,763 yuan from his wife's 
bank account.
Some of the legal cases have bordered on the absurd. In November 2006, 
the family of scholar Liu Zihua sued Fang for libel. In the 30s, Liu 
argued that he had used the Eight Diagrams theory - from ancient 
Chinese philosophy - to discover a 10th planet in the solar system, a 
claim Fang labelled "pseudoscience". The No 2 Beijing Intermediary 
Court ruled against Fang, fining him 20,000 yuan - despite the fact 
that Liu had passed away 14 years earlier.
Fang's legal setbacks are the result of politics, local cronyism and a 
flawed legal system, claims He. "I think he does his homework very 
carefully. That's the reason I respect him so much."
Supporters have set up a legal defence fund to defray his court costs 
as well as another website to fight his detractors.
Meanwhile, there is growing concern that academic cheating could 
adversely affect the development of education and science on the 
mainland. Fang says international academic journals are now reluctant 
to accept submissions from Chinese scholars, a problem that was 
highlighted last month when scientific journal Acta Crystallographica 
Sections E published an editorial announcing that some 70 crystal 
structures submitted by two scientists from Jinggangshan University, 
in Jiangxi, in 2007, had been faked.
Cao Cong, a senior research associate with the Neil D Levin Graduate 
Institute of International Relations and Commerce at the State 
University of New York, wrote this month that the peer-reviewed 
journal had been flooded with Chinese papers, ostensibly because it's 
just a database of crystal structures in which articles are usually 
one page long and go through a less-than-vigorous review process. Cao 
wrote that one chemistry professor at Heilongjiang University had 
submitted 297 papers to Acta Crystallographica over the past five years.
The incident attracted the attention of Richard Horton, 
editor-in-chief of medical journal The Lancet, who wrote that 
rewarding Chinese scholars for being prolific publishers was creating 
problems.
"In China, unfortunately, there are great incentives to commit fraud," 
he wrote on The Lancet's website. "When you make prestigious jobs and 
large amounts of money closely tied to publication, that creates 
conditions for fraud.
"The concern is if science in China cannot be trusted in certain areas, 
that undermines China's economic growth."
"Academic corruption is an incredible waste of taxpayer money," says 
Fang Xuanchang. "Furthermore, this general trend of corruption in 
scholarly circles will lead to a decline in the efficacy of scientific 
research and seriously obstruct China's dream of internationalising."
While on the surface it appears New Threads has had limited success, 
"without Fang Shimin, academic corruption in China would have been 
worse", says Rao Yi, dean of the School of Life Sciences at Peking 
University.
"Fang's goal of fighting academic misconduct should not be simply 
reduced to the number of people who are punished," says Fang Xuanchang. 
"The more important thing is making those potential cheaters afraid, 
which has resulted in reducing the emergence of this phenomenon within 
the academic world."
Fang Shimin says the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Science 
and Technology (MoST) have both laid down guidelines for dealing with 
academic misconduct but he doubts they will be enforced. MoST set up 
the Office of Scientific Research Integrity in 2007, he says, but he's 
not heard of the office investigating a single case. He also contends 
that some MoST officials are corrupt and accept kickbacks for handing 
out research funding.
"There's an office at least," he says, optimistically. "The government 
now recognises that it's a problem - and although it hasn't done 
anything, I think that's progress."

(XYS20100201)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys4.dxiong.com)(www.xinyusi.info)(xys2.dropin.org)

ˡӢѧȫְʦάҲѡпԺ˼ƻ

ӰпԺ˼ƻҪӦƸӦǾйĹԸ
عӵרѧߣȫʱλж߾ٱ
ѡпԺо˼ƻάĿŵؽԼ
Ӣѧȫְдҳϡ뿴

http://sourcedb.kiz.cas.cn/zw/zjrc/200908/t20090825_2446593.html



ʿоԱ1997ѧòʿѧλӢ
ǴѧѧԺ(School of Biological Sciences, University of 
East Anglia, Norwich, UK) Lecturer, indefinite appointment (=tenured)
пԺо̬뻷ģECECϯѧҡ

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2008꣭йѧԺооԱ
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Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK)ڣ
19992000꣺Ӣ۹ѧImperial CollegeNERCȺ̬ѧ
NERC Centre for Population BiologyʿоԱ
1999꣺ѧȺȺ̬ѧʦ

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(XYS20100201)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys4.dxiong.com)(www.xinyusi.info)(xys2.dropin.org)

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ġĦ޽˵һ䣺ǿǲԵģǲҪϵҪ
վ춫йľӢҪվֱ--Ħޡйվ ʱ䣺
2010-1-19 15:44:04

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1947꣬ɲʿW. SimonġӢǵ䡷A 
Beginners Chinese-English Dictionary of the National Languageһ
档
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⺺ѧо40ҳ
1965꣬ߵʩʿChauncey Shafter GoodrichġӢ
ǵ䡷Chinese-English Pocket Dictionaryһ档ѧҸߵ
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⺺ѧо40ҳ
ͬ꣨1965꣩Ү³ѧYaleֱ벢ˡǵ
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Chinese
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Ĵ127IFEL Vocabulary of Spoken Chineseѧ߻Ʋֱ
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⺺ѧо40ҳ
1979꣬˹ʿġӢǵ䡷Matthewss 
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Ĵ129˵ˣǰĴˡ
Ĵ130޶1966ꡣ

⺺ѧо40ҳ
ͬ꣬Ӣʵÿǵ䡷Chinese-English Dictionary of 
Colloquial Terms Used in Modern Chinese Literatureһ档
Ĵ131ˣӦΪйִѧдʻӢǵ䡷

⺺ѧо40ҳ
1986꣬ʿA. P. CowieġӢ?Ӣ˫ǵ䡷
Concise English-ChineseChinese-English Dictionaryһ档
Ĵ1321986꣬ӡݺţѧ
ѡӢӢʵ䡷Ϊԭ̣Ӣʵ䣩⾰١÷ƽ
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⺺ѧо40ҳ
1989꣬ӢţѧOxfordֱġִӢǵ䡷A 
Modern Chinese-English Dictionaryһ档
Ĵ135A Modern Chinese-English Dictionaryۺ
˾ţѧϳġ
Ĵ136A Modern Chinese-English DictionaryΪִӢ
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⺺ѧо40ҳ
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ġţ߽Ӣ˫ʵ䡷
Ĵ138The Oxford Advanced Learners English-Chinese 
Dictionary״γʱ1984ꡣ

⺺ѧо40ҳ
ͬ꣨1995꣩ʿW. Compbellġͼǵ䡷
A Dictionary of Chinese Symbolsһ档
Ĵ139A Dictionary of Chinese Symbols: Hidden Symbols in 
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Ǯġ̹ʵؽ巺ĿǰûջͶʡ

Ϊ巺Ŀعĸ˾Ĳ񱨱ȴʾѪѪ
ϸҵȫͬ״

巺2001꣬뽨Ѫıγ＼˾
ӹ˾2003չ˼巺룬ѪѪϸҵ񡣵
20075½ĸҵչ㶫֮ǰ巺Ψһ¸ҵ
˾

չĵһ꣬Ѫϸ漰ӦҵӪҵΪ373.7
Ԫ4꣬ѪľӪÿ100%2006/2007
꣬Ӫҵﵽ6394.2ԪӪߴ2514.2Ԫһ
123%

ڽѪϸ漰Ӧҵİͼɹӱչ㶫ʡ
2007/2008꣬ҵľӪ6281.1Ԫߴ150%

20093µΪֹ2008/2009꣬ù˾ѪϸҵľӪ
ǳ1ڸԪ

2009꣬Ѫϸҵֲ𣬳йѪҵ
China Cord Blood Corporation1119ŦԼ֤Уʱ
ֵԼΪ4Ԫ

ڽĿѣʱıѪϸ洢ҵĸš

չĵҽԺ

ڽĸ߼͹ίԱбϣλýڱѪʱ
ѯѡרλ

2001꣬ҵѪѪϸոճʱܵڶרҵ
ԣайԺԺʿ½ȡ2009꣬ⲻ
׼ţ½һЩרýƺҲת̬ȡ

20081£½ڽ㲥̨ݺɷʱֲ
塱Ѫϸ³

ϽһЩŴԡԵļǲֲͨεģ
ӹϸֲʼֲЧͲáŴԵĲֲܺã
ΪԼĻȱݣôԼκԼģһҪ˵ĸ
ϸֲ

20094£ڼ巺ġѪͨѶУֲˡ塱ֲ
ƣѪкзḻδѪϸƶѪҺϵͳ
崢ѪһҪʹʱͣϸѪų
ΣգֲɻʸߣʸߣҽƷõ͡˱ԼѪ
ôһѡԼѪơΪѪĻ
ȫϣֲֲ￹Ӧų󡣡

ѧš֣20086ѾչйӪ
ѪҺרҽԺҽԺŵĹȨγĲҵ޴
ЭͬЧӦ

½ǡǡǵҽԺҽѧܼࡣ⣬½ҲнĹίԱ
֮С

עĿǣ½λѪҺרýڱѪ
ʱѯרҡ

ڼΪ½ǰ۵ìܵ⣬ԡѧš˵û
۵㣡ҽѧǶģҡǴӵҽԺ칤ʣ
ںѪûκξϵϵûǵĹɷݡҽԺǣ
ϵҲ˵ãҿԸ㣬ԭҽԺӪԵģǲӪģ
ֹɵ˲ֺܷ죬ҽԺеġ

ݼ巺˵1230գڱҽԺҪһѪѪϸ
ֲϰƶѪ⽫йһѪϸϰ
ƶѪȥ1231գѧšٴµ½࣬ʾϺ
30յѪϸֲӦѾɣܾشǷеҽԺĹɷݡ
ҽԺܾǷش

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ҲΪѪͶʽ𣬶ĬӪҵĹ˾ȡ
ת

2006ʩеġѪվ취ȷдšҲ׼ӪΪĿ
ѪѪϸѪվ͡ѪѪҺɷֱ


˵ҲΪӪĹѪѪϸͶʽ
ʽȫѪԼＯ

ѪļܲǱ֡ڡѧšڱ
ѪѪϸ⣬ָظѪ
ϸһʾ޴Ḷ́ɱ൱ߡҹĿǰҪ˾
ҽƻΪܹӪչҲбҪġǱ
ҽĹԱͬʱʾ巺ɱͻľ

ζӪҵĹ˾Ҫȡת⣬
ûо߷չĹģȷ涨

巺Ŀعĸ˾еĽҽƿƼ޹˾¼ƽ
Աƣ͹⣨ϵ⣬صһЩϼ
ҲûиȷĹ涨

ڹӦã巺ʼûиϸϢֻǱʾṩϸ
ʵҽƵλٴҲṩеλоӦõ
ϸ̺ûṩϢҽһλԱʾҪ
ҪѪ͹иϸӦṩϢҪÿһӦöϱ


еѪ޳ףҪĻʹùеѪϸ
ҪķӦֻѪҺ桢ƱȷáЩط
ȷ涨ġλԱʾ˷ѽǴ桢Ʊ
ڶѪɣԷӦҵеʹù
Ѫϸշѽķ䣬ʾҪʵһ¡

巺뷽ԼҲʾ˵Ѫѣҹ
ӣӪûκαֽմѪʱ
˺ܳʱоֲ̾ΪѪ⣩Ӫ֯ΪӦ
ҵҵλӦҵλָꡣ

ֵĻظл˵ֲֹ⡢⣬ͬ
Ѫɼ䡢Ʊ⡢洢ȫԼѪ
ӦáѪĹȸȫλļܣڶԱѪ
Ѫɼҽƻмල顣ѧšڲɷзּ巺
ƹյĸĸ崢Ϊ

ڽѧš绰ʱĵһλԱҲ̸
Ѫ⡰ӦϸûоĹ취ܶࣨ£
ȷĶɱҲǲǵġѪѪϸмֵģ
շѽϹ󡣣ѪĹӦҲǲȷġѪô棬
ôӦã⡢ôЭԼЧ桢շѵⶼͦ
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־͡ѧšѪѪϸӪͼܡ
ش

ѧţǰŶѪѪϸӪģʽͼܴʩ
Σ

֣ѪΪ⡣ܹѪ
ѱ棬ֹ֧ãշѱ棬ΪáѪϸһʾ
Ḷ́ɱ൱ߡйĿǰҪ˾ҽƻ
ΪܹӪչҲбҪġ

ҪصʡҪաѪѪվ취
ءѪѪϸù淶ͼ淶ǿԸѪִ
ҵල淶Ѫ2008̨С
ֹڼǿѪѪϸٴɼ֪ͨһǿԱ
ѪɼĹ

ǰֵļܴʩУͨвɹѪġ
ٴѪĺٴģѪɼͼ
ڳͼලɹѪˣÿεල飬
ݰ걾ʿؼȡ

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