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ʱǡѧ߱¶¡ȻˡѧȻѧ
ѧĽ̲ģһĿʵ飬ĿȴС
νĹ飬ļֵʶ̬ڡ˵Ի߱£
߳ţҲУЩѧɵһ߾֪ʶˡ
ĿƽʦŮҲתˡЩѡĿƵѧҲǲѣΪѧĿʵ
ͷʹЩĿƵѧӦ˼ĿԣͬʱֲϵرԹԼ
ѧУʵûѧʲôûʲôһ֮Щѧĸ
Ȩˣ֮ԷѾĻȥڸ߿мȻѧνʡ
ݣΪǵЩڸгŮʵѧĿˡ⣬
ССĹԱǣҪԼƽȥ˶ʿʿҲ϶ȥ
ԼġûһԱȥѡѧרҵˡ

ƵĿƵѧѧߣΪĿɵ椡
ɱˡ֮ЩѧĿƵ˴ҲûƵԼרҵͿ
ΪʲôѧĿʱƫЩƿһЩѧĿƵһ
ƹȨҲͬƫ̻ˡƵ˿ĿƵ˿ܳ
˿̸˼·壬ŪһЩ۵Ľ⣬ʲôʵʵ
أƿĿûʲôǷǺۻƣΪʲôѧ
ԺѡԺʿͬʵϣáɵ椡ЩѧĿƵĲ׼ȷ
ʵһ㶼ɵǱϿ̸˼·壬ʵ˼·úܣ
Ǻܻշִ磬֪ȨͽǮĳʱҪʲôҲܻ
ҪгĸıʱѧҳΪ漯
ĴˣʵʲôСأͨȷʵҪɣΪ
ѧңЩѧѧѧѧʷѧһˣһ
ʱ岻ˡǽѧҳ漯ŵĴˣҲ
ѧǵľУǿ˾ѧҶԺ۾õԤ
˴ĹƱ¸ںƶлζЩѧҹڹȨĸ
˽лͽӹȿѧۡЩΪйѧƳߺ˼
Ҷϵطڽ̻ʺ壬ŮļͥʦΪд׻
ʷάһѡۡ׸ĳͳߡΪйͳ
ЩҲ׸ģصĺǻִһ
öѡ

һЩĿƵѧ˾ܱܿɨˣǲò϶
ʵմѧıײͶ䣬ĿΪ֮ȻѧҪ
ӹ죬Ҫ˵ڿϷ£Ľ˵ĸֽоҲ
ԡαݺʹ죬ϾҪ˵ͼලй
ĿʲôأйĹɫǡС¥һͳ
Ǹġ㷢£̨塢۵ǵò
ϵġôõأиμڿͳ磬ߵ
ġѧȻ͡ϸǡйѧ͸
أоҪͨڱ༭飬༭һЩοɿ
ִϼָʾˡƴѧĽ̿ȨĽ̿飬
ӽȨҲΣû˸ǡҪ۵Ĵ
²ͽΣյģʹҪ˼룬ҲҪľȥźʹ
£ܹذʶ̬֪ʶ¾õ£Щƫ
еĶСҲҪʲôʵݣЩʲô飬ʾ˸
Ǯһ⣬ʵûʲôҪΪЩʵ϶Ųɷ
һǡ֪ʡˣֻȱԱѡڴѧ
ѧڵ飬ЩѧܶȻûʲô壬ô
һЩȻһЩ͵ˡйĹУû
жģǵдйĿУ
ҪۣҲҪʵʣΨһ׼Ȩˡйѧ
Ϊʲô󣬱˴ĿΪʲôȣΪȨ
Ϊǵºдñȱ˺áţȥһ¡й
ѧʮ£ͻᷢг⣬ж
ʵԵݡ

ڽʮĿֺȻѧһʼп뾭ѡ
кܶԭһĿƵԱȻѧҪ;ѵ֧֣ƶ
ѧ߳۵޷ʵġе˵Ŀûʵʵô
ǾʵΣĿУҪ;Ѹʲôأѧʷֻܵ
Ҫ鱾鱾͹ˣֻҪͼݶЩͿˡЩʵ
Ҳûж壬Ϊ˭Ҳ˵Ϊʲô
ѧȥ͸ƶȴоͬʱŷ
ҵķ˹ʡһ棬ĿеĿ⾭Ҳ壬
ѧɵڿԸԾЧΪʵηˣϼ
ȨǿˣҲΪЩĲεȱѧʶ˴
Ŀռ䡣ڽѧУĸУѧУоŶѧߵĿУְ
УԿǿѾ˲̬ĵزһҼ⣬Գƾ
֪ʶӴԻͣ롣һ廪ѧϴ
ҫԼĹҿ⣬ЩⱾǷܴﵽҼˮƽ
Ҳ˹ˡЩйѧȨڿҲҪ᳹ϼ
ͼһֱӣҪӡֽϹеĶлҪһЩѧ
ʶˮƽ֪ʶԵĴ󻹲̫࣬ЩȨڿ˵ܵһЩල
ϻɺۣȻʵ˹ɺ۵ģ
ЩĿƵĿͲһˣǲһҪҼŵù˼Ϳ
ˣûǮӡһУβҲҪЩ
žѺ˱ڿı༭רҵ֪ʶˮƽͣҲ޷ۡ
Ȩ˳ΪĿƿͣΪѧͷˣֻҪŪ
ѣȻóСһ֣ԴӶоʲôһ
ЩȻͽԴϲˡôĹҿ⣬ôľѣѧ
ƵˮƽӦˣʵأﶼ
㿴Щƾ֪ˣʲôҸָоȡʮһƽоȵȣ
ǳԽԽѧĭĭѧ⣬ΪֽӡˢҵԼֽ
ҵһЩָ⣬ûʲôĶˡ

ӹ㵽ƶĿƵĵӶǿġһᵽô
ʡʡΪĿûʲôãӦüȷʵеġɺ;
ĹУ̸ʲôѧ֪ʶͿ͹۹ɡɰ˼
˵εĹߣĺ棬ΪЩתҵ
רҵԱʤιżйΪ࣬ǲ˼ģ
ֻҪָӾˡ֮ûжձԣ˹ҺʱʧЧˡ
Ŀľʷܣѧ̫ǳʷ̫ѧ̫գ
֮ͬ˼Ĺ淶͹ȻҲô
㾫ϵһЩͶԹµİãΪһЩϷΪ֪ʶ
൱롣֪ʶҪʵ棬Ϸ֡ѧϵ
δػдɢĺС˵ѧֻѧ˼ºͼڵµ֪
ʶȴжߵµˮƽҺͽʦԼŮ
ʵЩѧǽʦѧУģΪǱ
ѧУ¢ϣѧпѧԣôѧʽȴȻԤ
⾭õУʷ˵Ըμṩδһ
ĽʷĽѵѧ׷ձѾִΪ
룬ڵЩѧԾӵʵѧ޹أֻһЩʷң
ݼһҶѣǡΧǡ˵оѧҵĿѧˡ

ĿƵص㣬ʷΪҪΪĿûжձ
Ч֪ʶҪϵȥʷʷʷô
ҵĿѧ֮ҪŴľ䣬ΪĿѧߵ
ȹнȻѧѧڿѧĽԲҪѧʷʷ
ˡڽҲԺյѧѧߣϸĶǵ飬
ѶʲôôܶණȷʵʵֻĹ⻷
ˡе˿50ȥΨ壬70ȥ
壬80ɣ90ȥйͳĻˡǰΨ
Ϊȥڽ̣ȴڽ̣ڽ̵˼Ҳ
ھڽ˼롣Щ1949һЩʷܵҵгʵ
ҲмֵĶ񱱴о˼ԴȪڸҵ
ӢдţһԭȥλӡļֳΪ
ѧʦһ־硣Ӧ˴ԪǾ仰һ̨
һҲǵˮƽĿлõģЩ˼
εѧˡҺܶ࣬ȴ滬¡֮ЩЩ
ƵȥĿأ

ȻҪ˵ĿƱͺôҲˣֻйҪѡ
ÿһ֪ʶҪȻѧҪƸѧ
ȴ漰ηƸαս⣬α˶С
˼ϣһƸѱ¢ϣѧѾȫΪ
Ƿʱ˵жôأѧҪУʷѧҪѧ
Ҫ˼κͷҪ壬ǿȴǣȰ봨
ҲҸʷѧڷʷѧԹҿΪԼҫٺ
ʦҲҪģֻҪסָʾˡѧĿƵӦдͱۣ
׻͹ٻʱ»ʲôأЩ׻ҲҪһЩ
ɺ츳ĸеĴҲ˶дúһΪ
ִ棬߼ҲûʲôˣһȨʱɵı
ҲΪıƶˣżΪ࣬͸Ҫʲôͷˡѧ
ڽ͸ˣԽǳΪѧԽʻһԽ׸
ڱϣĿҲϷ٣ӱطôּ𡢳ƺŵ
˲ţѧߡôڿȨڿĿƻءģô
ཱʿ㡢˶ʿ㣬ÿôĹҼġǾͷ
αװŵ֪С񣬵ϸоǵĳɹͻᷢ
ڹȰװ±˺Щӡˢİװֽ󣬹СӲ
ķù±ȻʵڶЩ±Ҳܳ伢ΪЩѧʵûѡ
Щνѧڱϲι˧ˣ򽭺ɣȦ̡
˽ЩͻЩ֪ѧ߻ᴵԼĸּ𣬵ٻ˵Լ
һƪºһдúã˵ʲôطǵĿıҲ
ǻͷΣеݱҲûʲôȤҪȥѧ
ڵɣôһӦû޴̶ֳȡ
Ҳ̫ΪҲ࣬ΪйҲܴ֪ʲô
ʲôʡǶԼͷģԼƷûģԾ
߱ˡʵϲҪ˵Щͷε˲ţǰѳϸ
Ҳʵڿʲô˶˵ǹѧʦʵڿڹѧʲô
Ϊ˷ѧϰĳɹһ˶˵
ãῼ֤ԺþܵʦʹҲԼңĿ֤̫飬
Ǯ鶼˵ʲô塣ĿվҪЩ
æŸԼļ֪ѧ߸ˡжϵĿѧߣֻ迴
Ƭӡʲôдʲô涼ĵ磬Ը
׷֪ʶѧʻȨ٣ͷ̫࣬ܿһĿѧߡ
ձ˵24ھƸһλʵʲôأ
ˣҲĿѧߵһ־

ȻڵĿҲȫ𱸣ΪĿƵıԾͰЩ
ǲʵεҪйŴ˾ǳڱȨţ
͹ᣬдЩ蹦̵µʫĻ췹Զѡʹ㿴Щո
еҲΪ̻ʡ񣬰׸ǣдĶҲ൱
ڵĿ⣬ΣֻҪˡĿƷ
˶ǧ껹ûжʵԵĽ֮ԻжЩϵľ䣬
ΪûгǣҲҪǣҽڶƵھһ


ҵСѧɸ

                         

ҵСѧڱѧռˡСѧʱΪڶСѧ
ԭǷСѧ֮һǽ䷨ΪɸɡϿ
Ȥ벻ɰСѧˣǶеýζ ȴԸ
ʱ֡ġһ԰ȻͨԽΪСѧ
Եǿͼ˵ʦһճƷʲôкô
һ12ȥʦЦ˺ˣҪˡ

ҾͶĹѧԭзѧѧ֮һģ·
ͬɸɵĽǳִһθֽˮ¥һɸִ
ˮΧשأûκιŵװΣм¶ٳ
һ¥תǴиá¥⣬ಿٳûǽ
ҲûиǽγڲٳɹѧϷ١¥
תǴиңһ̨٣ǽϹűҡ˵Ļר
ֿΣ¥⣬ಿݲ޽γݶٳٳ
ˮΧи߸ߵ˿ʮְȫ¥ǽң꼶ѧ
ڶ¥ϿΣ꼶¥꼶¥е꼶ڴٳٿΡ
꼶ȻݶϡݶϱϷһ
˷ܸУĲٳȫϺûм

ɸΧǶʯţݶٳҰǳʱϺֻ
µĸ¥̲ĸ¥Ͼ·ĸ¥ٵɽһ
࣬һն𡢻͵ĹµĿ
ǧ쿴ľ񣬶ڿؽұв档

磬ҳ̫Ӻɽ궥£ѺȺĸ¥ӳý
áɽ̫ļң龰һͯ
ĹƯʮסɽ꣬ԭǸͨǼݡ

ʱʱǵĿγѧƪĽһСŮ
ɭȥĢ·߽һֵľݣһŴ󴲣һд
һСԭǡְܰ֡衱롰ܵܵܡס硰
š硱ȡҺСѧα֪ǶǶ˹ͯ
С𻪵Ρ佫ǻйŮʵҲǴġ
˵ϣġĹ¡ǴġǿˡƬΣ˹
˹ġɵġƬΣҼǲݵĿ
˱ԭʼɭּеĶѩԵ龰б
ѩصĹҵС۵ļũׯȳҲǴġѹ
ʱ;ʵǳңԶҲȷʵǽһ硣

ѧҲѧǵҰʱУصزһ޴ģͣ
жӲιۡӡСӣòֽģСݣ
Ҹеʡˡйػ𳵵ĿʱУصذ
ȥվιۣǿҵһν뿴𳵣Ҹ

Ҳѧ꼶ʱʢм裬ÿѧ󶼲Ǿ
ڴٳתȦӰȻ֡ݳ޵ܡ
С顣˴С˹ʮ
Ϥֵǵʱ١Ӳ̳Ϊ
裬ͯˡ

μҲ벻ʱйֻһϯԴȻ
ΪҲֻһϯǵİ೤ȫΨһ۾ˣҲȫ๫
ѧʵˡϯһάϯϯϣ
һǲϯ˵ҪԱ֣
ай֪ȲߵĻޣܷס
ӵĹʮ塣

һ꼶µһ糿ǸϿΣͱȫ㲥İ
֣ǵսľʦǣ˹ˡ˹ֵĴ֪
ġʱÿοᣬҪȳһ׸裬ԻʤĻƮǧ
˵ĸضɽҡ˹֣ë󶫣ë󶫣˹֣̫ա
޷̫˹󿪴ᣬУȻ֧裬и
ŮʦԽ˹֡ĳɡֿƷ򡱣Ϊ˺ģѡƷֳ
÷ǳ飬ֻռһɼй˵֮ߡ

СѧʱϲĿγǵʷ˾÷ǳֿѼǵ
ʷ¼ﶼù졣õҴСйأ
ʷԤʾҺѧҵҲġΪ
ҵģ꼶ʱʦһŵĵ·ԭĸ
ȡνſ˷ĸ¸߶ȣճΪӢʿƽ
ĵһƪС˵ӡĲǹԽĸ߶ȣ
μӹĿӪɭС̲ϵΪ
ͯĿɾѧĸҲȥӪݡ
ʦʲôʱҲܲμӪʦ˵ϴ羭÷
ȶԱԲμӪйˣйȶԱҲԲμӡ
Ⱳˡ

Һ֪ʱйҲѧٰӪൺ
󡢱ĺʤأϧֻ˶ܲμӡ

ĺԶԶֹһΪ˰οңУСһ
ᣬÿѧӼдľ񽻸ʦѾõʱ̣ȫ
УһǧѧźΧڴٳϣһУ
ĵĽȫУѧףؽաѧԣлУй
Ȼѧݡںţܵظе
᲻̫һڷǵȷһһԵ˿
ֱ׽ܻǿҵ˷ܸУУҪдһ
ǧʦкŵֻң⣬׽ڶ
ԵҪΧ𳪸裬ԽԽ˷ܣȴض
Сϣֻܶң˳衣
ɭС̲ϣԱн׵ΧʡصĴȻǵ
Ϥ͸ĴٳϣΧϤ͸ĸֽˮ¥
ʸظСҵʱȻԵķǷǳʧԶԶ
ûҴӰпȤ

µĸ߳ϺѺôٰ֮չᡣ
Ϻ˶ι˸չᣬҵɽֵ֯ιۡ˹ְ޿ʽ
ĻԻ׳Ŀɿڴϲһ޴ĳɽģͣɽ
һ·ɽ·һ
ɽԽطɳۡȤˡڶ¥һˮأлĽΣ
ҵһοأʼˡι۽ʱɫѺڣǰ޴ˮ
߸ߵˮˮ飬ڲʵ¹½룬ҵһοȪ
ܼˡ

һ죬иУʣǿǾѧһοˡ
һǧຢӰΧˮйͨ˶ǰУʦδк
޼£Ǹ˱͸ֻǱӴܡ

Сѧҵѧ﷢ޱ䣬֮ͯ
ҵСѧΪ¬Сѧĸбѧֱ̲
ɱѧ˿ڱըݶǽңݶٳʧ¸ǲݵ
ɫͬ¥룬ɸɱĿȫǣҴӴ˲Ըٿ


ȥ·

                           

1975ؽϡԽԽӶӳʱŴǷ
ְҧҧȥˣҲûһϼҡҰ
ˣ1956걻ְ·ŵ¼ලͶְֻؼҪͲ͵
͵ƣϼдС˴󣬺ΣգܱȿһС
ǿ

賿δְְҴææ˺ӵ
վʱʮһ㣬վߴ
Ρ룬û˼ϸҴҼ˿İ೵ʱҵ
ᵽɤۣҲû뵽ֽ˵
ƣûûˡ·ɰһѹߴߴֽУֶͷһ
˯ȥ뵽Ķ˸飬θǿյĲ̤ʵ
ͻȻšһ죬ʹüԭѾɲʱ
ͷݺݵײǰˡһͷۣһ涼治ס
Ϧ£سͨµ·ϣһȥû˽ס

1990꺮٣ҾгһϼңΪֹ·Ҵ
ͼ̫û¶ͷҾͳˣ̵İ͹·ڳŤԶ
ھ³ѵֻʣһģȻͷȡʵ̫ˣ
ҲȵϣȶľͷһԶһµף
϶·ߵϡ

ʱ֣ҵسǣһ裬Ϊû
ģͬʳһ˵Ѿͨˣǻ
ûʽͨϲϽƲϳȻѾͨˣֻǻûװϵ
ƣͬӰʱڹ¡ˡ۾ŷǰһᣬ
ͼ˹ͷһɽ·ͷһµĹ
ײһյֻʣǼӡҶ࿴Ͻʹȡȵµʱ
򣬳ĵȫˣ̫ڽɽĶġһֱ
ʮСʱ

1998ְǻɨںֵܣ翪ĳһ·ˮ
࣬·濪Ӳˬʡ벻ٶͣɽҲ˫ߡ
ݵֻ˲СʱְܺãһĵͿʼ
ֵ㿴ҿ㣬ʵ̲סˣһЦ
ְǰһֻλĺλñǻãϾʱ
ǳ

꣬2008⣬ְ־ٻһμҡߵǸ١
ٹ·ƽ̹γˮΣƽ˾·ߵɽˮӰƵ
ɣϢְǰƽ۾ʪ󡣵سǣٳٲ
ǰĽ־ĺŮˣŲ
̧һһ㣬ȻһСʱ

ֺĽ紦ǿɽɽ󣬶Ҹߣɣ
ԵɽĴʯͷУ̧ȥĺ۾ġɽ
ǼʷϺҪʮڣҵò»ɽϴλ
ݡĹԱ֮һȽϴ󣺡һȫ
磡1934һϣӪһλʿ⵽سܸ
ıŵķһҵǹսһӵԼ̫Ѩ
ڶܸ߰Դسǵĳ¥ϣ˺ü졣ã
ܸ̰·ոϳسǡ

Һҵò磬𣿡

̫ƽˡ

2008-7-14

˿¶ססססססססססססססססססססססססססססס

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һ

ϵ׳ƣ߸ɴͽСѧʲôҲ֪
һ̣С⬣ֻǸͷҪСࣻҲ
һȻͷҲҪС࣬ÿָֻСԵɴǣһ
ľһľ·һèһǻȻ󣬵һϡ

Ұģںǧϵĸɽ֮ϡһֻһߣ˲
ӰϸÿҶӵ¶һѣģ繷βһ㡣
ʱ¢ҡѽҡһĿɼ뵾ͬ
ʱǷջ񼾽ڣԴ˾رæջ˳Ȼȵȣ
лƶඹСúǺżɽˣҪ
ˡ⡣ʵﶼҪȵոòˣ
һʱҲ䣬ٹҲҪŻ뵽ɽϾ
ɽ˵˭ûȨܾ˼ҵһƬ⡣

ժġʷϣЩɽʲôؽ磬
ȻҲҡȡĶ͵áѽƽƽнˮ¥̨֮
㣬ȴײæɽׯȴԿУʱͶ׷ƽƽ塰
硱ɽġ硱Զʮɽɽƺ
ͷܶŮ֣Գһֻм©ķݡҪֻ
еԶɽȥӣҰܵɽϣ²ܴɽ
Хֽñܡɽʱȫδδûһˮˡ

ժѴģҪѷǽǣѹʵϵݡԼ
߰죬ٷȫǻƵˡʱʱ˾Ҫ
ˡǽȵ̯óľôӲӴӴＷ˳
ֻ߰죬Ժ˵ȴ̫ˣôҲȲǾ
ѶУšơѾǿ˿ڵģԼӡ
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ǡơıϾΪ࣬ԸࡱĿɾ鷳ˡɽĺ
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1ͷ̨Ҳ̨ʽǰĹࡣ
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ǼҵĹҧ絳ί

                          ǡ

1

ǼҵĹҧˡ

Ǵ̨ǵġ

̨һ֣糤ٶ󣬱糤Ƣ

Ȼ糤ǺܺͰˣһƢҲûãŲñ磬
ũֵĽŴ֡糤Ǽʱһǹһ
ӺĽ﹡Զ͡ųųغ
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һͣûҲв˼ʱ

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ųҵũס糤ܺͰؿǼҵˡţ
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׵ĹʵʵſҽűߣûҲûУ糤ҵͷ
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ǰǼʱȴǼҵĹҧˡ

ǱǲǼҵġһҲûǼҡȻΪ
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ҲսѡڡæһºǼҡ

2

ﵱǣ֪

糤ĳϳ죬һĵĿżĸ
統ˡĸ׷ʡͬ־ĸ
糤ڡϼŶסŶһ󣬱㳯ǰˣ
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׾ʱ̨֪統絳ίˡ

Ǹûȥװ鶼ȥһ
ũףÿΨһĿǿƪ»С˵һ˲
ĵò˵ĶŮǵ飬Ҳȥ׳˵һ仰ǣȥ
XXģ׽ĴֻҲһ죬һ󵱹йž
ˡ

ֱȷҪǼҵͷ磬׻ԥҪҪ
ǼҳԷͳԷǹԣͳԷᱻ˵һӵЦ˵
Ǹ׻ԥҪҪǳԷ

֪ͨǼҵ׵ɫ˸׵뷨
Ŀڴóһո⣬Լƿʫ̫ס˵
ģһҪų¡

ûӡ׶˵糤ˣ㻹ûȥ
ȥת糤ģһúýӴǵġ˵

鲻ߡ˵糤нһҪѶ¡

׾Ͱ˵ॸũ磿죬糤
һȾƣһҪһ͸䵶
һЩˡ

ŵصͷѿڴĶˡ

ߺ󣬸׽ݣ»С˵ĳӡ֪
Ǯ׵ƤǮͷ棬ʱһС
شӹСƤŵǮٸһֵֻ֡Ӳң
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ˣҷǳʧ׻ʱָײ˾
⣬һը꣬ƾ͵ı죬һҪ
͡

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˭û뵽ǻᱻǼҵĹҧˡ

糤û뵽糤ϴǼʱǼҵĹҡβ͡һ
ҡβ͵װĿҹôҧ˼ҵĿأ

Ҳû뵽ǸˣȻӺܰһң
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ǣǹԶͱܿߡǻһ˴󵱸Σ
벻Сôˣôй죬ҧأ

ԣǼҵĹ·ߴܳһڵסǵСʱ
һ£һƨɶϡͺ·ϡ㶼û㡣

˱ҧǳ£һڱϮʱ㣬Ȼ¶ף
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ǣǼҵĹȥʱûСԵǼҵĹǴҪҧ
Ƶġ

һ㣬¶ףҲԵǴҪǼҵĹҧƵġ

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죬һƶ໡ؽһˡʮԺҲ֪
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ô׵Ĺ⻹ˣ˵

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ҵĹεػش

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죬˵ﻹиҪ

˵ԶԶԣ㿴ҲˣҪϻȥᣬų
㰡

ױ˵ææ

Ǳһתͷߡƨһ̲ϡ͡
Ը׿Цһ£Ҳתͷˡ

ױվԭءŽԶ糤ǣ׼ǲƨ
ϵϡֱͣѵŵ顣

ϣµһǰҵ
䡢ͻ׶

4

Ͳ˻룬ĵĺʱ⣬ĺüڡǣ
񲹷迪ʼˡЩĹѪۣ˾ҧ˻ˡ
ЩͲ˻ﱻ񲹷ҧ˵Ůӿ°ĭ¹⣬
ˮˮԺû취ΡʮسҽԺ˵зΣ
ҪǮһЩĴ񲹷ģ񲹷ҧģ
ַ

һַ񲹷ҧ˵Ҽйءǣɹ
׽Сף߿ף񲹷˱ƵߡǼΨһк
˼ң㲻ʱҪԹֱĸ߲ܡǼ
ĺˣĹȿ޹ϵڵĻ֯Ҫ׷
ҵĸסų񲹷ҧҪеҪΡ

ͬʱҲ̨ߣǻпȮá񲹷衱
ũʽƺĹ˼˴Ҵ׼⣬һȻ
ûȨ̨ߵģʵ̨ģִֻ
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һйأе֤
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ùɱɱۡȻһͷҪǮǮ
СĿһѧڵѧҲǮѧУһǮѧѺһǮҾͿ
Զһѧڡ˻ǼҵĹͷƣ㹻Ҵ꼶
Сѧҵˡ

ܶ˶ȥ칷ͷƣ˵ǸϻڡûԸ
ڹ㲥֪ͨ첻СûдͷƵĹ񲹷һɴ
ֵᣬ᲻üЩöΪûضǿС͵͵ˣǴ
Ҷ졣

㲥֪ͨһҪ顣ǸŮԱ糤Ůϵ
ͨ˵ãһһĴ̨
㲥վXβڿʼ

ǼҵĹһֱû֤Ϊ˱ǼҵĹ˵񲹷ɱ
װѹ˩ǸǴӽģǮ

רŵĴ򹷶ӣ񲹷Ȼ񲹷ʱ
ͱܵԶԶģûƵĹǾ׷һֱ׷˼Ҽ
˵棬ҹ˷ѹߣ˵ʵ
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5

ڣ򹷶ӵǼˡ

ˣԲһǼҵĵذӾ׼˩ڽĹ׼
Ƕܿ죬Ȼѵء

ĳɹ鲻ͬǣι˼ңһηֱ˵
ض˵׼򡣴򹷶Ǻй˵ˣȻںף
˵㲻ڲӵųǵųڻǸũ

ײ˵

Ҳ֡

ֱӽݡ

򹷶ӵľЦſЦ˵ųҲƽʱǸ
ॸײˣ

䣬ءһ죬һ򹷶ӶԱˣ
ŽŰ

׶Żҩǹſڣǹϵײ봦ðһ̡

㹷յɱ򹷶ԱĻԴŶ¡

ӵɱˣй˻ûɱһ£ǹô
ƽҩǹװҩһɰӣһȥ

ųĪֻǴ򹷡ͷĴ򹷶ԱˣǸ
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ࡣ

׶ǹۡ

һ򹷶ԱϿ뿪ʱ졣Ӱüɵ
һֽýĴ򹷶ԱʱĶ

6

ɲȥˡ

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˰ͻȻ֪ͨҪˡĪĶ
칫ҵ˵ô£˼Ҳ˵ֻ˵ȥӾˡ

ʮĶͻؼӣҲҵũסųײ
˵ȥͲȥӴȥXXģ˦һ໰û
ӡʮĶͷŭˡʮĶڷŭ֮ǰʮӸոŪף
ǼҵĹǰ;粻ҶԸףҶһס
һⵣ˩ڽĹͷԵҡ˩Ӳ
ͽ͵ض㣬ϰ˺ü£ۿҪŭĶˡ

ӵɶӣһŭһȥӦءʮĶ
磬ʮĸ׵Ķ֣ö绹ȭء
飬ԸŭĿӡҲҪǹҪһȹȥ
Ѷſˡ˵㹷յ磬㻹ˣ㲻ӵĶ

ǾͲǣּңٴĶ磬Ѫսû
ĶҪּңԼҳ˵һ衣ͨ£ҳĻԶ
ӵҪؿǡ

ǣȻ͹˸׵ĳж̽
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·˯糣øײڼʱ췹ԣȻ
ֻ·ȥ˯ҷǳΪˡ

7

ũ£ٿԱᣬȫϰԱ¸ӵȥ
ϿᡣϵԱȻҲҪȥ

ȥϿᣬʳóԷũ嵳ԱǶҪԴ߲˺ƱȻ
ϵ˵ҲܵԱǵļͷûм
߲ȥᡣ

״ȥ۵ϹϣӣժûĻƹϣò
װţȥ￪ᡣǼһ·ȫԲʳó
ġÿȥᣬҪʳóԷϲЩũ嵳Ա
һ˵ЩֻеԱǲ֪顣

ȥ˲֪εԱ絳ί۾Ҫ
ָסǲ쵼ԿһһֱȰȰ۾
ˣһĵԱҪ֣׵ˢס׵ʾ
顣ǣԱıԸ׷ǳıˡ

һɢ׾ͻ˼ҡĲʳóԷײʳóԷ
ʱũ嵳ԱȻԵǰĹʹƱʾеĹעӪ
ḻĺչ͡

ϵĴǼҵĹҲͬʱ̡絳ί
ͬ־ڻ絳ίҪִУҲҪִУ
κεԱָ֮֯ϵΪ

8

򹷶׼ٴεǼ򹷡ǵ˵ǡζӡ
𡶵к乤ӡ乤Ҳζӡ
ĶӲӲĺ߹ԣҸǰйž
ų

δ򹷶ӽ絳ίͬ־Դӡ

Ϣ糤Ӹ׵ġ糤ϣײҪԿ糤˵
һûʲô˵£ųԼ
һʲô᲻õģ

򹷶׼ǼҴʱһٶ޵ȴͻȻ
ȡˡ򹷶ԱĦȭҪһģȴϴ˸ȭǸ
ûǱҪ¡糤һͨ糤ٺ˵ġ

һرĴ򹷶˵͵бԭ򡣶ʮ󣬾ݲ
ǰǰ򹷶ԱǵĻ䣬ʱ׼ʱǱһ绰ˣ
绰󳹵ȡж˵绰װӪ
תҵ

9

Ǽ˲٣һҳ֮ǰйѾʼʵмƻ
ˣŮ궼ҪȥУʮǮ컨ҷǳ
ʣʱҾͺԼΪʲôǶŮ֪ˣԶǶ
ŮΪҵĸëϯ˶ϵ׷ߣ
ҵүү̸նãĸ׽ӶһӣǼ
һֱȥ

ʮʱ˵żҡ˳ƯǴ鷳ˡ
ֳó϶ȧͻһɽģѧ
ʷԳ˵ͼΣҾͲҵĿĴ磬ΪӪ
ŵ·ѽ󲻺ãΪǼʮ
˵ôԽسĬ˳Է˯Ǹɻ

˵һ£ԷҲһƶĴͥδɩʮ
꣬еڣ˳ûԡ֪ҵĸ׵֣һ֪
һعֳֵľ˾ˣӦ¡ʮĴ
Ͽʼֳ󣬴绰ʱ߸ɻ߳裬ǡ۵
۵޺Æιͷʱ˫ֳſ졪
졪

ǶΪŶʮþˡδĴɩǼҰ
ǸɻҲεȥ棬ļ޵Ľ㣬Ҵһĵܵܣ
ĸ̣ҷǳãҳţδʮ
ɩ

ȻδĴɩȴһ׮ҵĸ׺ԩ顣
ӵģĳһ죬ҵĸ׵գδĴɩǼҡ
ǶףСҲҪġǼҵ磬δĴɩ
뿪ǼңȥոսĽҡһģҼ
·̡û뵽һȥأֱǼˣȻӰ
ʱ˷ӲⱵʱŮءݳжϣδĴ
ɩǱ˹ˡһˣͷһ仰Ҳ˵ˡ

ǣŮΪǼҹǵŮﱨ˰
ԴĸףȥԷ˵Ȼһȥ
Էաĵίͬ־Էһһӵģ
еĨǵԶ׹ϵͬ־ϵ˵˭ֻҪҹ
˿ڣҾҪҵũסųرҪ
ɳԩû

ҪյĲ֮Էˡ

10

˵ĸһη׻

ڱӺ󣬾ͱ˰

ԭһ绰

عֳֵľ˾ˣɳ˵ױ˵˷ץˣ
̴绰²Ҫֳ˾һ䡰Ҫ
ôһ仰˭Ȩ˵˾ˣٲȰ


׾ͱ˰

˾ȻḸ׵Ը񣬲ŸǲɹԼĶϱ
ġҪȻҲԼü޸ס

ɳº󣬺ܿͲδĴɩʵǱĽĵܹܵ
ӱȥˡȻĵܵ˳ñȽӢ־ܣʶ㣬
Ҵ粻Ķ֡ô˵еԲҵĴ磬ʵʵ˵
Ҵȷ˩סŮ˵ġҴȢһŮˣ׺
ò˵в磬绹ǲ顣ҲԼֵ
˵

11

絳ίͬ־ڻǼҳԷͬ糤Ȼ
ʮ궼ŵľ˾ˡʱոջ죬ݿɿϢ
ͬ־ĸ磬Ѿڻѡѡˡ

ƹѲ˾˿ʼ˵˾ĸٶ󣬾˾ڲ
ܲλҪУǻҪıתҵ˾˵Ҷսѣɶӻڳ˵
˵˾û¶˾˵㣬÷˵ġ

糤Ҳ˵糤˵С˺ܶ࣬úܷѾ
ڲﵱ飬صطת˸ɡ糤˵ųǶսѣ
ɶĪ鵽ͷ硣

˵ûû¡

ױ˵ˡ˵糤С
˵ɶеȻҲϸ˵

˵£ݸһξƺ͸¶پҶ෽˲飬£
ڲӸոɸԱΪųͬ־طŮ⣬
ҵĸסų֪ˡҵĸסųûбϼǰѸ
ͬ־еӪһƫƧĽ䣬ݺݵһ٣û
ӴҲطŮȻͬ־ҲսʿΪ˸


ʵҲг룬Ҳǵˣ޷ȡһϡһֱ
ϲʵǴӲġ

˾˱Цˣ˵ʲô¶ǵˣʲô
˵飿ǸأڲҲ׵һ𣿹ָ
˾˵һĺ׳

糤ҲЦ糤˵ԭڲ߲öУǱ೤ʰ
һмأҪܵȥ飿

ҲЦôܼǺЩ֥ùӵأΪĹ
չ˳żѽ

ײЦÿָĶ˵硣׵
ִ

Ĺ⣿˾ʡ˾˾ͺһڣ˾˾ȥָ
ָĽǵֱ½

ι˵

ǰڵĹ׵ÿȮǲҪιĺá糤Юһ鹷˵

12

ʵǼҵĹûʲôȮ񲹷衣һṷĲʱ
һᡣѹҺܿ˹һˣ
޼龰ڳ壬ҪӪҲ볤ɴǸﶼ
ѵ

ھ˾˴ǡ糤Ǽҵź󣬶ֹȻһ
ԷˣȻס·ڲѾּҵʵ
ΪֻصԱ




                         Ұ

ԭǿյģ㣬ġ


ִʵ䡷͵㣺¶ûڸǡ㡢㡢ͬ
鿴˹˼ٹʵĽ֣
ԣա

ܸӡеݺύĸԼŮ˵壻
εӣԱĽǶҷֱ֡ǸŮˣ
ҶԼ˽Ⲣ࣬ȻԸԼʼ㡣ʹҸܵ˷
ϢϢŮ·ںӱߵԣˮ
֦Ҷï۾Ŀ΢΢Ұ
ԭڷģ֪ΪΣŮ̲ס΢΢Ŀ
ҵϣĵĺˣÿһ񾲡̲ס

ôҲû뵽һԤҲûСû뵽

û뵽˵㡣

Ҵˣ֪ԼкܶϲԼ
·ߵԤ𣿰͸˵Ҫһȫ
֪ζʲôҲ֪ţͷÿҶȥĹ԰ɢ
ȥ԰ɢʱҪڽĳڿǸ
һʮꡣҲס˽ʮˡһī
֪װỹ۾ˡҹųϵԼЬ
ҵظʹ󷽷Ȼسǰҿһ˫۾ٵش
϶ɨɫճҵ鷿īɿصȥ
סЦˡݵһЦû뵽

˵ĽǶ֣ʵܼ򵥡򵥵뷨һȥ
Ϸ˹ӣ·ʢЩӡȴ⿴ºӱߵ
ңĳաϵ䣬ɢһء飬һ
̡Ȼ˰Ĺߣӡϵ塣Ȥζ飬ǡһ
ĺӡͬʵû뵽

ЩأЩ㡣Ůˣ壬Ҳ塣˵
Ҳڲأ¶һ췢ԼܶĽò
ͬģЩͬأ̽ķѹ׻˵Ȼɡ
ҽרβӿ룬ǳʶҷԼҲˣ
壬һ롣һԼ鹹롣һĴ˵Ӣ
Ҳҵһִḻǳǳƽ

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ô˵أǺܺãȷҲǺܻҵ
һ

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žӶԼҲǸҽһǸˡҸܵһϢ
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ҵֵһ̣һ䡣Ҽǵһ·һ
ˣҸ·ôôӦúܾ˰ɣ

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ΪҪأһԽ顣ַֺϺϣ˾Щʱ
뷽跨ذе۶ϡʲôʱ£

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ǻǷֿ仰

롣ҵͷһӾʹˡĴôôܿõأ
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ռе˼롣˼ⶫĺܲףʱһ
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ôļįҲȥˡҵϷһ˵ʮꡣһ˹

Ƽâĵط顣Ҫ˵ػš

ô˵ÿעÿ˵ĵϵ۴ڵҩ

˵ǵġһϰˡ

ϰΪˡȻͲںˡ˭֪أôҹô
ģ˺Ȳʵĳþ޴ɫʵϷҵĵƹͷ䡣
ϵвˣȥ˭أԼȲˡҲһ
ҽ˵ԼһҽΪտʼϷʱȷʵְҵ
ڲˣһֳĵϷӡרǮ˳Ϸ
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˵Ļ˵ǰݡţͷôأҵҲǸҽ
ԭ˵ⱲӰͷϵġջҡһҽԺͺ
ˣǺ²ǺıȲҪʹϸڡߵԶˣ
¶صԼġһԼ

ꡣĽֵһЩ˱ʵͰݡڸ˵
ʱ

ҽԺΧǽһ˳˿ڣҪҺˮ͸
ѪҺ˶ǹ¶壬ʱӯʱᡣƷ
ʵģϣҪģСµĴͱóĬԣ
ĺ;

ˮͼĽǶȡһ˵Ĺ¶һ
ʡ˻ţҪ䰮׼
ںܳһʱúõֹ¶ŵƽʵĳУǺܶ˵
̨žԼϷ˴δйѶȺʹĲ֡
ЩôõļϸڣԶҵĵ·վڻ·ϣҿ
ҽԺЩɢҩζ֡Һ壬ҩǺ²
Ωһҩ

һжġŽҲǻ᳤ġѵ
Ƿ֮ģǷ֮ĵı΢ͰסԼǺε
ľ硣

ִ򿪴ͷ֡ȫȳӵסңڽʧȥ
ԣӲۼô̺õȼҵ塣֣
ôáɸɾ

;˵˻ڹϷһ˴ӵ͹ܿԼ
·

˵Ҳӵ͹ȹˡ

͹ȡ浽˵͹ȣҲһ˵飬Ϊߵ˵͹ȣ
ÿһŸ߷͹Ⱦͷ·ϵģһ¶ȣҲһ
ָ߶ȡµŵ׹ߣûߵ͹ȴֶԼʧȥ
ͶˣͲˡôȥ͹ȵ·ϵԼһС

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Ҳ֪ôˣ

˵һֱȥ

Ҳ֪Ҳ֪Ҳ֪黹кܶࡣôô
֪أʱǱԼԼĪ
ѡ

˵ԺȥԶ㵽ԶҲҡ

ԶĶ˵ɡԶһ룬һֻë
Ĵ̣ѻݵĻ룬ϣ
Ĳݶ⣬һп޵Ϣһ֣³Ѹĳ仰
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һǲסʱϤůģʱȴİı
ġǰҲһǰίȫҰԼŵ˵ϣ
˵ӴԺҶĻһس̣һ֧һ֧һһ
վظһ⣬ܴࡣԹ޻ڡ
˵ðɡ

ûáŵŮ˵ˮζŮЦÿһⶼ
ֵСŮ˲ӣҲ򵥡Ů˸߸Ь̤ԢҺ
˵ľ롣Һ˽˻飬Һ˲ûмҵĸо뿪磬ҾͲ
ˡԶֻڱ˵Ĺ磿Ҳˡ˵λ¥µһ
ֱȵǵλȫϨˡҴ˵ֻ˲ӡͨ˺ܾãٴ򣬻
ǲӡʱ˽ˡˣأ˵ڼӰࡣ˵ĵ
λһճǣѡ

˲ֹһ˺ɴ಻˯ˡԣǡ

ˡֺͿˡ

˵ںңܷҲơطҡ

ȥԶô˵һ̾䡣ϧֻǶˡ֪Զȴżį
мį޾İͽǡԶһֱȥޱ޼ʡԶ
󺣡

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ŮˮԵ֡ˮСϪӱջڴ󺣡
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ģֻǿô˵أҲǲ˵һʱ˵ĸ顣
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ŴǸšҲһ鲻Խػ๫һ๫ĳ
ϣµϣϸϸȥ룬ᷢԭ
õģ˺ͳľ̵ˣǴɵߵľġԼˡҿ
ԼǲҪ۾ģֻҪһ֫ԡ

ͻȻӵһĵĸоˣǽһһϸ
˳

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ֻʵ벻ҷҲӵ
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ԭǿյģ֮ġ

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˵ӵҡǴ졣

ôױȾôĻʫⰻȻľѾʫˡ˵
ģջǿźӵġ

˵Ϊҿ˱𴦵ķ羰

羰ڱ𴦣Ǻ֪ԭڵĴ˴ҵı
˵ײһ˵Ĵ˴ˡҵĴ˴ı𴦣ı𴦣
ҵĴ˴Ƕں̵ƵϷҴææؾ

Ⱥӿ֣ȥʵֻһ˵Ĺ
ͼįȥĵطҲʶ˺£Զֻ
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ЩǣǣҵǴͬ˵ܽ
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ʵ鹹Ļ㽡Ļ

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ڵңңȡҡôԸ㽺
Ըһ鹹ǣҵڡҹúѣ
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ϵۡϵ۵Ļϵ۾ԼԿ㣬ҿ
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λ˵ʱʵ롣ĽȰ
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˵ǵĹϵ󡭡һȥĸңԶһ
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ʵǲ˼ǸԼڡֻҪˣ
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úûš˵öãܶǿһȴûԼ

ҳʡԼһʲôأҲǸСŮˣù
СŮ˵ӣ˳ȻȥĽЩĵǿͷӯŮˣ
ŮҲ˵Ůǿ˰ɡǲŮˡ

ڵĹҺ˵ļļ⣬ҺͽǮʵ˺ȵȵһ
СҺܡԶǶ׵ģң˵ײǸˡҲ
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һԶĻǿ˵ġ

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꣨seniorᣨϢƴֹԼΧᡣҲ
ӹεͳȴһֱûдһΪû뵽õı⣬һ浣
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ϵɫӡ⣬Ű˹̹ץһЩ

˱˺õĿͷÿͳ˼鲻٣д
Ƚˡ

һһӢߵĳ

ϰߣһͳ޹صɻ⡣

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ӭһӢߵĳСWelcome to the Mile High Cityĺ
һӢףҲǺɺϵ¡߶ȱһЩ
ԭ˵㲻ʲôˣĺͱ߳һࡣ
Щסƽԭ˵߶ȾԵЧӦˡ

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Ӧñȱһ㡣ԭùݽҾ
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Spring·Ͽܶܲﳵˡ˼Щ·ϻרŸ
һһĳխ֮һңطһûм
Ϊ˶˺ܺõӡ

ΪӽᣬﵽҲһ

ϵɫ

˹̹ϵ۲ɫӡĻԵĲͳƣǶԺɭⲻ׼ԭ
һѧڿ֪벻֪۵ķ롣ͳϵҪ
ģΪѧѧۻʯ֮һҲ֪ʵ
˹̹귢ƪҪУЧӦ˶ŵ
⣬һƪڲ˶ġⲼ˶ɾʵʵ
ͳơͳƲãʵеӦøǵ
ĵزΣãҩó򶼻ٵĿ
ҵͳƵӦá˳ѧУĽڣо൱һ
ţ׼֣ҩ֣ҩ˾Ͷеȵȵȵȡ
ǧˣνƺƴ

ݽĿ˾˺üʮҳԻع顱
Ῠޡ󡱣ݡѡټȨ廨ŵ
ĿӦоСҲҺϲμԭ֮һҵȤ
ݽЧʺܸߡ

һһµĿǣϵ۲ɫӣơʵ
һ˼ɶųʣµľǰЩ
ɵ˶ˣϵͳͺܸӣϵĽʹкܶԣɫ
ӲࡣΪд߽ļ޶ͳܻʵе
óϵ۵ɫҪȥ

ƫƷ

˹̹ѧͳƽڵѰ˹DiaconisڿϸѧӲң
˵ͷͷββκθĸʡ
ȥǸӲҵʾͲõȷĽΪϵͳ

Ѱ˹ѧܴ׼ȷͷβΪӣ
궼ڸѲݳְҵħʦʱŪһЩϷ
ԭ˸Ƽһ顣˸Ƽ˷յĸѧԭ
ϧΪ΢֡ΪŪյϴѧ
ѧƱҵʱѾѧͳЩ۶о
˵ҪͶõģǾ𡣱ƾĳɼǽ˹ģ
Ϊһ΢ֵġҵȤζѧרҸߵ
Martin GardnerдƼšƼ˵ѧĶҲ̫
֪ڹȥʮ﷢õʮѧħУСӷƾ
ǲӦö࿼һ¡ÿѧҶǸߵɵfanѧ
Ҳ⡣ߵɵĻأѰ˹Ȼͽ˹ʵ֤
ɵǲġѰ˹ѬڳѧͳϵĴҡ
оΧܹ㣬֤ĶȻҲܶࡣһڷѧҲ
Ǿǡϴƶ˵һŵҪϴߴβϴȡϴ˲
ȣϴûҪ´δһҪϴߴΡϴ̫٣ϴ˳
ҪӰ´Ƶķֲ

Ѱ˹Ĺºܶ࣬дһ顣ǻԹ̸ǵƷ
ƫ

ƷƫЩΪģѰ˹Ӳңеʶģ
÷ݵó˵ʸʡʵΪܶ
˰ᵽȥ꣬ЩƽȵҪ
࣬ӰԱľ

λһ˼ƫƷӡ˵Ƕսʱ
оսӦðѷԱʲôλñȽϰȫзɻ
ûб䣩ķɻϵĵȡͳơиλõ׺٣ǵó
Ǹλȫ˵Ǹλе׵ķɻŶˣ
ԣɻķɻǸλõĵ٣ȫλáȻ
˵ͳûѧã˵ս˶ȥԭӵȥˡ

ƫƷʵҲҵܶӡ¹̷һ
̷۵ĳɷ֣ǾϵͳƫһʵǣҾһЩй
˵йá˵ǵͬѧóٶٳԷ
ݣӶˡ°ؼһҪĩҪݡ
Щ۵Ҳͬбأ⣬԰вݸҲ
öǻ¡ҷԵԭҪƷƫ֪Щúõͬѧ
ڴУܴũʵЩͬѧҲܴеľ
ǵͬѧܴܿܵЩͬѧлõһС
֡ӹȥúõͬѧ㣬ʾǻòЩ
õͬѧҲͬѧۻĻ֯ߡúòͬѧһǽ
ҹС˵ЩͬѧǴƫƷ

ġ

ѧҲãͳƻҲãͬʱеĶһᣨExpo
йصĸ̼ǵĲƷи̯й
ĵȻ̣Ǹָѧͳʮô
Щռġ

ÿΪ˿ͣԼͤһЩСƷָ
ʣǩȵȡұ߿ãһȦװϴ
ЩƷǺʵá緿Fanniemaeı˿һ֧
ʴ˶٣ȴֲͬ˿ͷʵáGoogleƵҲ
Ȥ

ЩѧƷǸƿľÿص
ƿǶά޶档Ȼض˵԰Ƕ뵽ŷϿռУ
Ҫάռ䡣ҪάƿͱҪཻཻʲôط
ʲôʽཻԲָĿƿЩƿôˮ
ȥоһûÿοҪô
ϴһÿصѧġӡֿѧĬͨ
ÿζһϲһǣһֵʽӣԲ
һѧţһʻһ㲻Which part of 
thisdon't you understand? ǼҵTܲ
Щѧ

˵ȻҪת̡Ա˰ٷ֮ʮ빤
йصԱˣ㲻ҲνԼٷ֮ʮǱȽϿɹ۵ġ
ʱ⾪ϲϴһȤζѧ飬ǩҶȤζ
ѧкܴȤý˰죬ջܴ

ѧҲȤҲҪЩǶǵһЩ
صĶȤһߵMathmaticaͤǰͤһ
ԱҴкһ·ϱƬ۾ͻȻ

ңۣǴEric
ţҵҾEric
ңѧ磨Mathworld̫İӦлл㡣
ţܸܶа
ң֪֪ѧϵĵõַ
ţҲһ£һ϶GoogleڶάWiki
ңȫ˵ˡ
ţŵһ˵ҲǾ
ңѵѧ綼һ֮
ţǰһˣЩ˰æ϶Լġ
ңлл

Eric WeissteinǼʿӸпʼռѧʽ
Ϣŵϣһֱչڵѧ硣ѧѧ
ϰٿȫ飬൱άѧʢάܶ࣬
ʽҲһWolfram ResearchԺѧѾչɿѧ
www.scienceworld.comаѧ磬磬ȵȣ
ȥһEricǹҵͼݵĻԾ֮һҲţˡ
ջܶࡣһЩѧƣMathmaticaMatlab
ȽϣǳȤջᡣʱһЩ飬û뵽Ժյ
Ƿչŵʼ˵Ľǳãڿǲá

ÿοֻᣬҶҪExpoüСʱջϲѧ棬
Ҳ൱Ҫһ֡

塢ά

Ȼ˵ǽ£ͳƻӼⲻҪһЩԵĶһ
ڱȽŵĶһ

ͳͳһʮϰٸЩǼ
߽ģ͡ڲ൹ˡʮ
糣ĻݣMicroArrayʮݣ
ǱѧѧĶ֪һ£ȷ̶࣬
⡣ôͳЩݽģͣԵõκҪĽʵ
в˾ģԭʼı任Ȼ
ģ͡ĽĻ˵²ͬ⡱

ǰйѧԺӦѧо˹ٵڡ
йѧг͵ϵǡţ
λϸһάݡı棬ľ⡣ΪǴţ
棬˰ѴġʵָûѡȫЩάƳ
Ľͬ²⡣

һɸάݴǼ⣨false positiveһļ
鶼ãΪֽߡСڣ¼ΪС¼ǣ
ÿ飬С¼Ҳ˿϶¼
ν⡣һװĸС¼ȫйҼʮҲ
⡣ȻٵʱҲڣֻʱ
ͱøͻ

ںŵĻ⣬кܶ౨涼Χ
չкܶ෽漰ݷ֪ʶǸֽ⣩
ѧθڣֱҼȥҲڵĹ
ӽǰصˡ

ͳƻϵй

̸ɻβ

ѧһҲһ֪ʶѧľС˭
ѧңWho wants to be a mathematician?ͳƴ
ͳƱStats Cup̸һǲ۴ʽݶ
ѧľ̸̫࣬Ҳաѡɡ

ǧ˵Ĵķ֮һйˡỨҳӣ׵ڣ
ЩйռˣͳһƴYuЩС
˵ݽ߼йˡ

Ҷʱ򣬶ѧĶȥժʹϵ飬֮ۡģͳ
šڽʵ壬ͳһ±ˡѧѧУֻѧ
УڡѧͳƵȴѧУ˾ŵҵͳ
˵ţǰͳƵҲͳϿλ
ʮǰһھӣѧõģҲҡһͳѧҡExpoһ
죬ԭëʱҲͳˡ
һʲôίԱϯֺ죬ŷѧУһ
ƹļҳƴȫͳƵζ

ǰ꿪ỹһЩȥͬѧںˡ󲿷й˶
ˡһйһԷе֪һλ격ʿҵĵʦ
ڿѧԺоʱͬѧѧսӹС˵˵Ӧý
ʦˡ൱һֵĲλ߶ˣԽԽˡ
Ҫ֪ʶ˳һ¿ĳмܱߣܲ
ѲǺҪȻѾͶһݾϲ

ͳƻڻʢϣʱѡ

ʮڲʿ

¼

˭뵱ѧ http://www.zhipingyou.com/qqsh/index.php?topic=285

Ϣƴֹ http://www.zhipingyou.com/qqsh/index.php?topic=830

ȫʮΧ http://www.zhipingyou.com/qqsh/index.php?topic=828


С顰ʷ

                           

ڼ䣬ʮײš̽֡ĿϵƬǧЩ
ϷҪйʷϵһЩϷеڶ̸
ĿͲһΪΪйķҾ˵ֵȶ

һгáսߡеļѡʷ׷ݵ
ʱڣǣǿᡣ

սߡʮôһСΣ

ҦʼʡעԪʼʰׯ֮ʱʼҲ
ʹʹžעᣩԻ֪Ҧע
ܣ˻ʾȺȺ֪⡣׶Ҧ׵׵֮
лʹԻԽӡ

ᵽͺġȫͬĶע⵽α
ԡעᡱ͡ǲͬġ
ЩʱԡĿ֣ûԡʽ֡
Ϸص治ġӦ
һ⡣Ϸֻǽеġһʡ

ĿжᵽйĹڡּ¼
1488-1559֣ġǦ¼Ҳһ£ڡּ ʮ
ҵһΣΪӣ



սߡǲʹžԻǶ˻񡣾
ʾȺȺ֪⡣׵֮лʹԻȽӡ

¶£׵֮һ޸֮
ԳƶǶǿգ

֮֮Ϊ֮Ϊһ棬֮Ϊֺ
Ϊһ

дν֮ͭΪ֮Դ񡣹븾ͯΪߡ
׶֮Ǵ֮νӡ

Ҫǿ֤սߡᵽΪ
Ϊսߡߡ²¡ʵϣΪ
ˡĽǡ1500ǰ֣
Խȹţɵϵˡ

ϵһЩϳƣŷҲ1500ǰйڡ
ءժ¼£

The earliest reference to it in Europe may be in about 1500 in the 
form of Problem 107 of the manuscript De Viribus Quantitatis by Luca 
Pacioli in which the description appears: "Do cavare et mettere una 
strenghetta salda in al quanti anelli saldi, difficil caso" (Remove 
and put a little bar joined in some joined rings, difficult case). It 
was also mentioned by Girolamo Cardano in the 1550 edition of his book 
De subtililate from which comes the name Cardan's rings, and was 
treated at length in mathematical terms by John Wallis in about 1685. 
By the end of the 17th century, it had become popular in many European 
countries.

ᵽһЩףϧޣ޷ĵἰԭʼס
ᵽĻôɿἰ׶
1500ǰĻǲΪйֺ󴫵
ŷޣҲʵǴŷ޴йġ


͡סססססססססססססססססססססססססססססס

߰Ѫд͵֣ȡԱδļʵѧҮ·
䡷֮ͬƪ˱Ҹ֮ʵвҩԼҽԺ֮Э
ͬƭˣĿĵġҽǰ·ǵǺڵģȻҲкģ
÷ϵģֻλѣǱ߻伲ҽҸҽԺ
ýŴµĲԶûô¡⣬漰о
ĻԺϵթѧѧĸܵȵȣ㹻˵˥
ܲǽĸ￪ţ޵Ľľɿ
ͬԺУһ澵ӡĿǰȻʱǨ漰һӦϤ
ʾߵĸ

о
                  Ҹλ߹

                          ӡ

һ. ս

1. ǳ

Ԫһžž£궯ʱڡϢõĻġ
Узһˮ棬ϲѧϵ忴ǿաҪ
ǣУҵҵ˫ѡƲֹۡžŽЩıı
ǰǰ顣żҲһз
һзҲԭΪ֮ӣɾӣüǮⲻ֪
ת˲ձñѣκκΡɳǵʦʦǡϵԭ
ǲ޵ģŶڼһٵǡֽ˵߿
30%ֽҲ˵о15%ƺһ˿
ĿеĻ

ʵ֮뿼кЩѼϼܵķݡұ񵭺þϲ顣
ΪĿƵѧδطǵի㣻Ҹչ԰ͥѹ
ҶԿвġǱʦĿΪǳߡΪ
סǿѧʵϣȥԵ˷ѣΪʱлǼߵ¡

ΪѡݴѧأѲ⡣ݣӡеĻĮشյĹ磬
Զܹ򡣡󿪷ôҿǸͶߣ
ҵ٩һûءô˵ʵף
УѧֵشƫԶӦǸѧʵĵطغĳ
ЩУ类ҵϢʴð߲½ˡŶо
ȫɷѣеĸٿҲģ롣ѧԺ
Ϲʮһ֮࣬ôҵȡŪѡУȫ
շѣҹʢĸѾˡô󣬻˼ĸ
ôߣԺУΨϾѧΪؿĿǶ߻
۵ġУϴѱͬѧУѡδײ֮ѡ
е֪֪ˡģϵֻ¼ȡһҲĪ
Ϲۡĳһ˵죬ඥñҲ޷纹
䤱ˡ

2. 콫˹Ҳ

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ʽ˽ȥΪ뿼ôࣺ˳ͼݶĿΪ
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ΪⷿĿĸ죬ȷΪߣԿ֮֮ʵߣרΪ
ߡǸСͥ徻ǾԵģѧϰĵط
˵߸һѡѾһ꣬˴ճճġñЬ໻
Ŵ˵˴˼̥Ƕ֪һ˵ô绰
һõģһģһ̵ġѶ조С
Ҽҡ䣬춫ûΣͳе¡ҳ˴ȱΪ
ܲƾʧɣ˭աУòμӰɡ
ҹ죬ҶΪǸ߱ԶŮ¥ջ
˯˸֫Ѵɱ֮ɶϧգϧգԶ۶
ɶѹĽ޶ԣ֮Ʈ
ա

ŵѡˣһ¥ϵˮƽ¥ѧУжξ룬
ƧҪǼǮˡֻǶѷŵǻҳԺþûʽ
򸾶ϲеĽʦ˺ܺáھ֮ǰŮѣ
ȶ䡣ʱҸ֮һЦôҽԺһ֪ôдء
ҪԼءȻҴˡ

ϲǸ֪Ļ¯ķˮ¥Ǹ
ֱˮǽ棬ƴӦӲϡ
ȳʪ͸ѣűʪ͸ѣû취ѵģΪڵ
ҾǶֻ̿˼˼һµģûκˡ쵱ӵص
ľ硣ǻװ̿ôǿʿĽһŮʿȹӡ
ȶһҪϿϼܵĻһСģ˼һΪ˿鲼Ƭ
أֲҦ硣ǲʪһƬˡ
ʱ벻ëϰߵġÿÿʱһηʱ
ȻòճģճģʵܡÿѺέϯˡ
Ƿǿ콫˹Ҳá
˯ϣҹһ㣬Ժ綹óмӣҹߡ
ֱŪҲǣΣ˫ֺʮʥˣ콫
ڳɹͦˡ˳ԷϿΣ˶֣뿪벽Ҿ
ȻûõȡҵǣܵڣЩĶã
ܽ˵֮ԣ̶Ⱥ֮ѳɷȡ
Ҳ̫ܡ콫Ρաʵһ棬ʹÿ
µĵѡҪ֪ˮõ硣ҵðˮͷÿʮԪ֮
ڣҪî

ȻϷںͷءǾϲӵ
ȥ͹Ĺġͨԣ֪˵ĿŰɡ컹ڲڣѾ
ǵӿҴھۻˡɴûеģ򴰻Ͻ⡣
žý𡣶ٸҹ˯ѵҺˮ죬׷Ϊ֡
ˣǽɣɣëɣ
Բʹӷáһžôսʼ
¶磬һһָѪתۼǰ׾˫ѪһƬˣһ˰˫
Ⱦк֡ӶأҸ˵޵ģýƣ
ˣֱȻȻг֡ǵǰġЦֹǡ˵ĳ̰
Σڻ͡˲⡣Իүѷʵòˣ˭֪
үҪιٲ֮աҲéٿݷ֮أޣ
ӲȶӣΪܳɡһǷǿ⣬
ķ֣ȾָҲ⡱ء̹ȻԴ
¡ĵķĶŪʡЧ΢һڵʽˣ
۹󣬶ӲûŽóȻ֮
ϲӳǽвģȻӦˡͬ
ڻȦܽӴ˴˸ˡȻȤ֮࣬
ȴȤҡʳˮŶ֮ӡ

ȣһȱСֻҪСģȿˮֿϡ
ͽҲʱ͵˿λǲأζأ⽴
أˣҲؽҲˡΣӽͷС
ӣԪһ֧˰ĭִһСʮԪģ
׬˼Ƭһţ񡰿ɵʱݷá֮Ȩǲ԰Ūģ
һûǻڶˮƽȾҪġҿC
ġСGGġˮCûᡣᳪ
ա

ѵõǿԿЩ뿴ֲ˿飬ˡ
ƿ÷һ̯żȻֵġӰӡ棬̫ƽ֣
壬ţġʵ緢ÿξҿڣ۾ֻ䲻
ɨڣʱࡣ磬ʧ֮۵ʱзĳһգ
ʹ¾ˡ﷭šӡ۾飬·ģ̯
ǶǮ·Ŷ䡣̯ȴǿͱҺ
ˮ֪࣬㡣ʮ壬ٸҲ·ĸ
߬ʦʦһּۻۣ˼ҡѧϡʮԪɽ
˸ɫϴãĸǱصסչȻ
ҲʧżԷӦ⣬
Щ硱ģ˶֮ġ֮ǲ
оԭΪ¥Ρ޳ߣˣʵǲ֮䡣ҵ
ͷһ飬ֻڵģǰصģԱɣ
Сұ⣬üٲҲ

ӶŮѶԸÿµڣĻġ
ʱҲվҲǡɶɶ񣬿˭˭˳ۡƻЩɶ˻
ᡣƿ÷ڵǲ˸ȥͨ
¼ȺʱҾļ屣ĿȻʱҲӡ

ʱһػ˶Ьʮֱ¼ҹǰ
Ƭѱ㴷ðϹ£ϰ廻Ŷ˴ղǾݡ
̨ŷձȻ޵ĻձƬϵ㣬
Ҳƺִ˸Ŵսڶܻÿÿ
ѺõкСܲˣô簡˴𣬡˯
Ҳ𡣡Ȼ걻ѣͷһ磬֪
Ȼÿÿͨһκ󣬽²˼ζߵŮԶֲˡһ
ӰӡС˵ٿҲ顣ֱУ԰ͷķʻ
ʱ֪ԼˡտʼÿһΣһΣʱ
һһΡ֪Ӷ֮Ҳ뺺Ϊ֮ӣ

˰빤ѧڲ˴룬ʮĳһӣ
һϢϡʱҲЩôҵöԵ
סһٶʮԪءָĲοҾûأмûҵ
ԺУͬѧȥУͨߣͽ֣
˳϶֢ҩˣеĻ͵ʦȡϵйӴҰӰ
ʶͬѧıͬѧıϵѾۣȴ֮粻
ڱˡһҲûˡһڣʱʮһ³
ΩԼˡ

3. üǳʱޣ

޹Ҫһȫİȡϵ̸סϢʱʲ
ôǿܵġĲʱĳվõϵ칫ҵ绰
ҳϻ̳Ͽֵزͨ˵绰ǸŮصİ칫֢״뵡󣬺
˭ϱǷ±ծƵġԱţ˵ʱ漣֡Է
ͿδȴƼʦһλŮԣӢѧģһ
λǿƽڣѧģʦĵ绰ҡ绰ûң
û˽УУ

ʦ绰֣ȴúܼ֡ªŵλʦ֪֮١Ϊ
ӢѧϤЩѧǸİ򡣼֮ӢѧʦǸŮ
ԣҿŮһСűʣϸ̣ʻ
ʧűʣ㵽Ϊֹдɽˮܸ
Щұѡʦ绰ģ׷ǹֱӵ绰
δðʧͶʯ·ɡֽͱʡдʲôأԼ
еĶƽصıĳȣ˼Ȫӿһ̲ݾ͡
Եдɽ֮ɽࣻɽ֮ɽǱ
ԨơԼؽЯĩԡʦƵҲλΪᡣ
ϸϸһֲܳһ飬ҹ

ȴŵȴôɡԼĪһܹÿһڿκϢ
ʱγŵʱίԱܹעĶΪȫĸ
ʹߣշȫżӡҲֽסҪ͵ôۣ
ҲĿңζϣᣬһżȻɨ
ңҵɤۣѪͣѪѹߡѣ㰵ô
ҵľǵͬġͬѧұɵϵˣΪŵļ
ʽ㡣ʮҼˡΪ·ϲƽ
ɣĻ㹻ˡʮ죬һܵһڿκѲٱϣˣ
ҲûҪίԱ˷ҵﲨˣһڽңҲȥ
磬ġ¼ȡ֪ͨ顯ģίԱʹġ
Զǵ٩ϷɳƵǻţġлл㡣
ҹģʹյ¼ȡ֪ͨԶûôŷϵǩ
һ֪ġ˺ġż
ұܳһũǣͻȻһСػ
ƧһǣżССŲʦױ
ģƽʵġƣ

ٸΪǫܸ˴Ϊš֮ǰʦǴӲ
żģǾ޽Сʦıʺ͹ĻơĿԣ
ƾĲͨСһƣơ

ĩҡլ粢ʦĵ绰롣ԺҪֻ
ֱϵʦơ

ܲʦױʣѾмˡǣֺͱʼ
һֱ뵱ȻΪƽǸֱºҲͨµĺʱ
֪Լشӵ绰ǸŮŮᡣƽڣ
ݵļҡʵ֤ʦǸǳƽĳߣһǺ
ˡ

ؽڴͨˡз֮࣬ҼѶɵ23ʱ
˰СʱԲʦʦ

˺ʦΡʮѮʥ궼쵽ˣ
ĺؿҺȻѪźؿһʦ㣬õף
ƣ

ɽˮë¡

һʦʫ䲢ʫƣ

֮ӣӾ˼֮ӣɷ˼֮Ů⣬޻üǳ
ʱҲޣ

ײ֪ߵغضģʦĿԻ

Ϊӹ㣬һέ֮ӣ֮֮ǳӣӾ֮֮˾
⣬ԶһǨ

. Ӧս

1. 

һ¶ʮգһһȵоϲڽʦ
ѧ¡Ļһǵ֣£ٴУϾҲ
һΡƽʱĿϰɵöءºɣ·1+1=
оôһ£ĵĺ޶ֻ
ͷһ飬ҿԺٻͷģſԵĵһֱĥĥ䣬
һǰʮ߷볡ߵ棬Ӱȣżһά
ľԱһԹҵѹͽЩ֪Ŀ
Ρسһ٣˯һֱӽѡҪ֪ס
ʦа˹ԶʱԼүгˡΣ
ҵͷϲΣģмġȻĿ
ˣǰ˶ʮ߷볡ĿҲǳɡ
Ӣֻʮӿ⣬Ӣѧǰʮӣ
ԵģƵǰʮӡԼ߳Ȼ
©ĵƽӹƴһ㣬ôʮҡ
꾭飬ӡֱͨ¼Ҳûüԡ

ѹȻҲǶȴӿԶûôܣ
оʱһʧأûĿģûꡣ괺ҹ͵
һҲҵںУͬѧǻϻ£
С˲гҰ

СѮԺУĳɼ½¯һּҳֻ
١֪ĳһϺ˵ͬѧʮ֣ʤϴ⣬ȫ
û͵ҵˡʮԪ201168ɼѯ绰ţȻɼ
ǧ򻽲ɼڿԲѯˡȻڽţظ
ʵûٲ񽻸ѡҲ˼飬ÿҶʹ١
磬386鵽ˣѺȻ»е
Ѫӿֵˣҿ⡣ҪԼѰѵ
ҡǿѹס˷ܣزٰܷʮ߷ְʮ壬
ͷʮ 򵥣ұӵʱΪԼƼ
һԼŷˣһԼ
ŮĿĶ

óɼĵһ绰¼Ҽæ⣬һʦ
һʦ㣬Աм֮顣Ȼνּûʱ
תѩˡΪҼյʦĻšƣ

ף߾Ӱףʵֻ˵ڶһԺϵ
ʦȻϲǵǣ󲿷Ժϵиĸָٵÿ
ֻеһܹѣʦ˵һҲǹѱ
ΪԭûʼշҲ˸㣬ΪǸͥɣ
ǾԷѣȥҸλί࣬ʧȥɣ޺֮ơ

വͷһ

2. ˾⣬ԶһǨ

µ׽ӵ绰֪ͨҵǸź˷ܣôûԶأ
Ҳû𳵣Ϊûлᡣżһȥݣǳ;೵ö
ϲݵ·Ҳ֪˶ٱ顣;ʡЩҪվ㣬
Ȼһˡæϰִ˸绰绰תӵģʱ
ﻹûе绰ȥݸԵڡֿɽŻˣҪ
ȥǰ0.1ڵķӳл˰ְֵĺ⡣ô·
̫ΪˣҪѧôʦЦ

鳵ΣŶӣƱһжҶʵġ죬ȥ
˻վ𳵿һСʱѼòӣ󳵣Ʊ
˺ҡεƱվȻûѶҵԼλԺ
۾æˣɨųϵÿһ䲢ÿһæҵÿͣһ
翪ϾΣͷһڿˡŴ⣬
Ωִÿһɳ۶ҹĻ٣δҹûһƤ
ҲҺۡյִһ˿⣬ԭϲ²߶ء
վվתͣݵгˡȴʼ
ȥǰ;δɶأʦһתʦĻ
˵û⣬ҷĹȥ

гڵִյվݣλǣƵĵطˡǷ࣬
Ƭȴľ棬˿ƣ롣µĳݸҵĵһӡ
Ǳġ֪ƽ±ϲʮ϶ȡ

Ȼһ·ѾҺþãʵڳվ߰⣬ˮ·
ֱߡݳǼɽ֮䡣ɽĴγȵǨƣէ
ϱҷ˺þòƺŪסȻǰˡ
·ϱװס˸֪ţǺšŽԶЩ
һ֣лߺšȡǰšǰȻһ
š

ʯǶĸߴ¥Կ˿˿ͼ۵Ƕĸë
ֽ֣ݴѧ˧磬ƺëױʵ
廪Ҫ档ӢУУǲ׽ġΪ
ŷ糾һ·ǫӡ˰졣˵⣬֤
֤ɼűͨһڹˡ

ס䶨¹Ԣһаͣ٣Ҳͨʦ
ĵ绰֪ҵˡܹеʺůҸжԵƬ̣԰
ʵס֪סѶʱƺЩҵնࡣȻҺú
ϢĴյĸԡһʯͷء׼¾
ޣҡһʵСãҽǽ
ôҳϻ̳ϿֵĴǡŶģʦ绰ᵽ
ס졣һѳȥȥˡ˵Լסˣ鷳
ˣ̬Ⱥܼͬʱллʦĺ⣬Ҳֻա֪
Ժ98뷽оʦĵӡ·ѧʱΪ
δ䣬ʦ԰ȥסһҡʦ
̹Ϻһֱƻ±ϺԶٷģѧһۣδ
ɣû˻ᣬΪ

𴲣Դָ¥ݿǻȴնʱһ
ƵŮԳ˹жɫʣǽô
֪о顣һŴǡ˵ʦأ¥㼸
ҡҰֱ¥ǿѹšߣ͸
Ʒš칫һˣеģͷδ߰ס
ƾֱʦˡʦãǽ⣬ң
һδŵϱšţݸһ裬
ĺؿյˣ˶٣˾⣬ԶһǨԱ
һЦҲЦˣֲͣشšʦҵļҾȻΪʲôѡ
ҰѳԺгʦֱҡͷĬ˰Σת˻⣬
̸ԣעٴұģڸԽԺ˵
ԼܷŪѡһһͷǡʦĺͰò
θҼӡ

ʵĺܼ򵥣ǵȶԣûʲôѧԺԺ
ԿʼȻһһܵʦɾͺоʦǵһܵģ
ŨīزʵءʦϣʽʼӦ߰ƴ˳
ȥ̨´ʣʵЩҽ࣬õӢġʦ̧ͷٵ
̨ʦ̧ͷҡʦӦҲҡȻ׼
̨òˡںȸΪ֮ɡʤ֮
Ҳ̵ǡɤӣʮӵ״κ𽥻ָ˳
̬ұ㼴Щ޹غּű߼ʵĻ¡

ѡʦǰһŨü֮߸Ůѡ˭
˼شȻʦ˵ҺͬʱΪ
ʦĹŵӣʦʱҲ֪ܳΪʦĵ
Ӻܲ򵥡˵ʦѧԺ쵱ģᣬף
ݼˡĵڶΪѧԺƸơ

ĩ¼ֻеһԷѡЩѪӿһ
ƭĸоȻ̨²һ˿ɧơʦĿʾ⡣û
ǹͷһչͬѧڶˣֵ硣
ͬĪӢۡ

һĵʦֵоԭšЩͼ
ԺϵڼǰͿʼˡĸ޵ĹѧУȡ
Էڲܣֻûжⷢѹ
ô࣬ȴ˵١糱Ҵ
ֶǽ׷ֳУҵģΪᳵ·Ժÿȡѹֶʮ
У֮ϵƾҡƾʱһ
ҪƾһƾܲһԸһԸôѹ̨ѻȸ

3. ©֮

ձ졣ָңд·ź򡣲Щ顣
ߡصʵ⣬Լдʲôλ
Щһ£ЩһˣǺ
ٿơһ̼򷢵г״Ԫйˣγ
ϡЧʱЧʡҪѪѪֻвļ˱졣
ôʿƤҲû̧һ£Թ׼̵ļһǵģ
ʮشǻʿСһǩѪ¡ѹô졣ٵң
Լû˼ҵĽԸʵʵԼԽϲѧġ
һҪպβܳ˵ԼȥʿС㵹Ǵü
ĿûҸΰɣһߴһǩȥ½ˣơ
һλǲСʱ˳Ͻǧл߳УҽԺ

ûŪȥϰͷ˵ɡسһ·˯Ҳ
ûʹķ羰ˣԸ˼һ·޻

. ѧ

1. 

ײײһص˲һըˡڶ޼
һءû˵֡⣬Ҫôҹ
ҪôսŪѵġԷѵĻһǧԪȷʵǸСĿ
ʱÿǧ߰ʮԪѾĸܵˡĸٵһ˺ܴ
ȫͨѧ˸СѧʦҲǳϻˡĸũ
ҼҵϵסίĻڴӴɵѺˡһҪŪԷѻί
ĻܾñúõһƻŮԭָ˼ңýȢ
Ʒ˭ȴҪСƷ

һ·糾صüĸˡ֪ɼʧߵĲңҸ
ףȥʧߵĲңҸסһ磬ְ˫ݣ
Ѫ˿ϣԷѻίְ࣡İˡŰҷƣʿΪ֪
ѵ˼ʦʶۣĿʹᣬǾ˫
ĥоͷƻһһ㣬һһꣻο
оҪȫԷôٵһ꣬ǰ;δȻַίף
һͬٹ˽ίࡣ

ͣί൥λԼĸУܽѧ쵼Ӧ
ͨͨһ٣ϰࡣұ׼ȥʦרѧУ
ͬ°ΪʦѧԺΪôҰ硣ҼὭ
ɣĵˮҪǣ
˸ӴõһݣҰְֵıܷ򸾣Ƕʦרʵ
֮ϵѪԵһСҵΪ˲ദ
úܺãίЭĵˡΪʱ˶ʿȱ˶ʿ
ˣʦר˲šΪ⡣֮˺ð¡ͨ绰
棬ݱһ·̵ơ粻ʦרȫת
СżҡˣʦרӢϵĽʦȥ󹥶˶ʿѧλ
ְѧʦרʦרͬʱֹ֪ͨͣĸУί롣Ҫί
ЭǩʱҲΡΡ˫ַΪͬʱˣһ
״ϻȦİQһǰӡ͡ǱϾĵһ
Э顣

ĸУؽ˳˲ļ·;
Э齻ȴءҪʦר֤䵥λĽְ
ͬίңȻŷ¼ȡ֪ͨλɵλתҡλ
հ죬ؿרݷȻѮˣ֪ͨûѮˣ
֪ͨûѮˣ֪ͨ黹ûͬϺ˵ģ
Ѯ֪ͨ͵ˣǹѵģϲءرͶٲ
㣬겻ڽ겻жȹԭңȻʳζԲ
齣ҲЦˡѮȻرҵ֪ͨ黹û

Ѱ٣粻ҹߡҵļҡѶԸ
̽ѯ۹⡣ϡΪ󡣰չ忼ȡѧһѻ
֣ȥ̨㲥㲥ӾʾءҲϯ
´ӡ¼ȡʱȫ䶯ҲΪ֮ȸԾ
ڵĵ£Ҳ˸ѧˡȷʵ˺һӡȡо
ġǿúܺôôġۡģҿ
Щ¶ĥƽұ̫⣬ٵȵȿ⣬
߽룬֪ͨôڴ𰸡Ȼϵıӣ
ѯɣϲ·۲ڷҲѪ˿ܴȾ
ǲٴˡұֻڶȥ˸ݣһܹעʦרꡣ

ת۰·ˣԲ֪ͨӰӡסˣչ˵绰ս
ȻʦȥȥˣԺֵֻѧ֪ԣֱӴ
а죬ҪôĨ߽ӵģҪôͱֽ߽ӵģ˺ը
˸γϺڱ֪µĲڣٴɡմһҲ
֪ôġֻôʦʦƽϼҡ

µףϵ˵ʦʦһˡ쿪ѧˣȹ
ȥ˵Ȼˣھ³̤ϰег

ԷЭĳίϡаӵʦרؿרݹ
ܺûίЭĳ˵ˣҲǼҴҵ
ɡǸæЭ顣ҪЭʦרȸ£а
ǡʹؿרҲʮµģѧ˵˵
˲ʩ򷢽лӵƵذǴӸȥ
ؿרݰЭĳܿյʦרؿרݻؼĵĸǺµЭ顣
պί֪ͨڽϡûпһۣҲ֪Ųʲôʱ
Լϳа졣Ѿ̱ˡ

Ǹ˰δʹòߡɵڶѧаա
ʰã˳һָܵصѧԱ׺
ĸ켱ˡҵ֤ѧλ֤ԭأ׶
һѪǻʡңҲ֪Ҫô֪ͨ
֪أͻȻ鲪·ΥӺȻŵϺõѻƬ
۹ַ·ͼڷ˼ʴսս֪ͨ顣
ȷ⣬ɨһۡʱ˲ٱģǴңĿ
⸴ӡҾ࣬·ԼʴҪԴγãı
ע˺öˮиӡ˵͵Լ
ȴһұæӶĵһλ˳ֱס
ظϵʱһԼĪͣ
ٵˡ±عؾķϸӡ۽һۣȷ⡣
ѵأɷѵίġţƫĵ汾Ͳ
Ҳнɷѵǲܰˡ۽λöû
סλǱĺߺߣȷ⣡һλþ۵֪ͨ
Ҳһ죬ûˡ

ܵ񴦻շңûСָܵвѯתʵ
ûС绰ȴ֪ǧԪʦרƲƴѰЭڼǰ
лתʼӵ£ˡǴ˺ܲ񴦺гÿ
ı޿Ρº󣬻ûʦרƲƴҲˡæȥ
вѯǴ磬תʵԭǧԪֽ𱻵
ΪϢ

ͣ㣬ѧ񴦣ʳƣƵȵȣ
졣βϸ񣬼ֱ˿˿΢ˡѪѹλȵȲʵ
ҰΪԼ轵ǡҵУʱƫ1.25
ƫ1.75ȴѾƫ12.5ˡ

Ѫơͥ䣬ֻһˣϴελʿС㡣
ʿôһ첲׼̣һ߹ֵֹʡԭ
ʱʮ³ʿѧʱ䡣Ҳ˵Լ˶ʿѧ
ѪȥƸǰ£ȥѧưעҼ
æһ˵绰תϰ֣˵һͣƣһ޼һ⣬֪ͨ
鸴ӡϡһӦ꣬ͬѧϿܶˡ

2. 㾡̫

ദһܺҺͰͬѧܿûȡǵͬҺгɾ͸С
ܵʦҵϲ˵ʦ֮һ
ơͬѧǰҵеʵɡΪӢѧѿײ
߷֣ʮ֡ѧϰ𽥲졣ԼҲѾ
ϰտλصңһͻȻң˵Ժң˵ҽԺȥһ
ƣ¡һ˸սҲ跹˼Ŀ
ޣɵϰ߳Ʒ׵ȵ㣬ϰˣæȥ
УҽԺơ

ȥʱ򱣽ƻûš˴ŰСʱһ״ӵˣţ
ġҸ˽ȥ˭ϵʡ˵⡣Ŷ
ϵʲôŰɣҪءһԣ̷ȴС
Ѫ⣬Էٴ졣ɽ򣿡ġ
ΣǿȾԡȨĿҸΣǿȾԣƽʱԶһ
ġҸǲ۾ġתøƫߣʮһѧУ
Ҫǵʮ塣ǰȾôǣҲˡǰҲ
˵͸ףΪһ¡ȴͻȻԼͷˡ
һһ顣ǵÿոһûʶԣ
ʣҪô˵ɣ´εĸԷЩĪ
⡣ͻȻǰ˵¥иСӱ
ˣ˵СǸָĺҸΡǰĳֽϴĺܹһ
ƪ˵ʦһѧҸζѧ¡ʱ̫ңԶˣû̫⡣
ҲëҪô

ҲĳصػصҡԼġǿȾԡҲǿ
¡ѹеҽԺû°ɣȴ˵ֻ֧š
ЩֻԳܣǶȹҲٵȡθʱʱ
Ϯ

ǶϿȥˣʱ϶һű¥޹ĵġ
ƱҼռʱǨĳĳȥֽǰסģҲˡ
ԭʱͬס˲һܶǼͱ𣬲ûҵࡱȴο
˵ǶձúܣԼԺӵɡҲͬҽӴ
ʲôҲû֪ԼǡС֮ġѡҲ˼䣬
ԺģһԺġһСǸģѧУر
ЩѵܲҴһ顣ڣĵʧ֮
Ȥ

ͬѼҺܿˡͬǣǶǡԻ
ģҵĲԶǧѡ󲻽⡣Ǻţô·е
ɾӣҿţأͽϦˡ֮Աǡ
Ƿһӡǰˡˡǻڴ½о
󿼵ĶǵһʱܿΪй½
ѧ֮һǣ⣬һĲáֻʣ¿ռӿ
ӲСңطֲãҪ
˲ˣ⻹סôݵȫĽʦ齨һʣ
ĶЩУܲġô󡣡һɸֵӡ
ֱҡͷۣ֮ǹͺӴҲԺѻ͸
¶˵ʵҵûٶġԺĶȥ
򱻱УûѡûϢǵű򡰿ȡ
Уӡ˼ǡûϢ֮֮һѹִ˹ڵǰ
ϷΪ涨ĳЩص㡱Ժϵ50%ϱҵҪ
ϱУġԺıָûô࣬࣬ռ70%ҵθֱᡣ

Լǰѩûɨءһĸ飬Ÿļδ
˶ܵµĽͷϵʯԽԽԽԽұ
ˮϿΣ˵Цļ¡ʧߡΣһԼǷǰ
ˡ˥Ҳ᲻μܹҺƣͣ˯ţΪƣͲ
ģȻ˯ˣʱһ۲Сʱһ
ĪҵĳθܺãѾҲҲɿڵķʳˣ
ԷԵģĳθڽڹǰ󵹸ꡣ
ɢһվءıµɶµǾĥƳ
ƶ̸ЦʹģǾأô
֮񺺹ʢ˥ô

һǿٵģΪҸûֲۣҷֻǶڱ
ﲻʱʲôҲûҳԣˮҲûҺȡװ˵㣬
ֱУҽԺ

˵ʮѪƿˣλʿ˻ᣬƺ
ǸʶѪҵͷѪ츴鵥ԥ˻ᣬ
̾ߡҽʲôʱ֪һþƾס봦
һ߻̵̻ʡǻ֪ͨġǲġҽͷã
һοһ˿ѵõĴ⡣ҰҺϣ
ֱңӰѧԺ

˺ļҺȥϿΣҲٳҡսľŵ绰ΪҲ
ϣجġת尾ţĺΣ绰ˣУҽ
Ժģȥơ̱ڵ绰ԡ

ȥУҽԺ·ףҲ֪˶ãڸ°ǰ
ڱſڡλҽô°һʮˣһ
Ǳҽҵĵһ仰Ȼ֪Ǿ֮
ô尾ġĲڶ񻯣˶٣ΪĽԼΧˣ
оѧһ꣬ȥ˫ȷŸĸ
żͥ¹ŵżң֪Ӧ˵ʲô
¡ûˣҲ֪ôˣҲûŮǷ١
ĺֻʳһ仰򣬿вסҲ֪
ҽһһ񣬡ȥȰѲκã껹Ŀʾ
Ϳ͡

֪˶ãҲ֪˶·ͻȻʶԼվ˻ƺӱ
ɽϣһʼĻƻŮһʶôн
ʲôʱ߳ҽԺأôУأûôЩ
֪ˡɽ£ǻʵĻƺˮڣǣĸ׺ӵѪҺ
ôִˣûǰתܰ룬Ϊֻ֪һ


صʱʮʮѹеȥˡɽȥˣ
ɽһƣҾȻ޷졣

ԭĵƱĵһ֮Ļһ䣬
һƬƲʡȥٸʦԺ֪ܿˣа֪ͨ
ԺͬѧǺ֪ܿˣо鴦ϢҲ㡣Ƿ
ܵԺо鴦飬ҸжһͬʦСʦ
¡оһ̯֣κ޹Ȩ
ôǣʦҲ֪ˣΪѧļǩ
֡˵ʦ֪ҪѧϢʱ˵⵵Ӧ
ˣһ˿ţûҡ˸а
绰ͨڣǰδ˵ġĶˣ֮ǰɶȥ
˱ߺߣ֮к̫١

֪ҳˡЩ𾪡Թ˵Ҳ
ǣʵܼ򵥵ģҸεôࡣ˵̫ˣ򲻿
ʱɵԼ첲ȥҸ˴ɶûУôʵô
ģ֮һҼʹҪԼ죬֮ǰҲƴسԽתøҩ
ֻҪָﵽҪ󼴿ɣеλġû뵽ˣ
һҡҡͷ̫ˣǿ̾û뵽
Ѫ顣ǵģ̫ˡ

ǰ˴ɽġɽݳǾڽ£
ã

ʱĵ̤˻س̵гﴧһֽ顣ʱսʮһ
¡

3. ȥ⡭

ȥ⣬԰ߺ飿;·ϣ㣻
ţϣܸţЩ㣬ԽԽãΪǰǲóΪ
ĿĵĿĵءȻ賿ʮѰ

˳ΡΡ֪˫ȷҳվ
ĿĵšһʲôҲʶꤣ
θĿƺĩҴֻܲǵʱ̱ܲ˶ѡ
ԭʹӦжһһҹˡ˼ݣ˷ݳ棬ģ
Ǽ˿ġƣһʣԩҶθھ
ǳغáһУɡ̷ǰĪڴˡ
ǸγУ־ڲԶѾˣûȥƱ
ŵʮģҲеĵһƱҪŻȥ
վżˡڼҹ˼꣬˱ׯӡǱ
òˡ

г̣̾ϳãҾȻ漣رˮ
˯ˣѣҵĵһʮһ賿Ҳ
㡰𡱵Ļ¹ŵڵǵþ裬裬پ衣Ȼ
ӡг뽭ڣʻŽʱҵȴγ
ʮгִյվϲҵĸݵءûоϲͬѧ
ѣ˼д¡дɴϣҾ˫ȴѽ
ܻ¸ˡֻһ⣺ҸȥģλǼң

ȥλԼԼ಻㡣̸ɫ
Ϊչŵġϱպһôͬദҵһӣ
ҵĸоܰг϶ٳ˲¶ٵķһ۵øĸô
;ĩ·˸ĸ˭أżҡһֱ賿
࣬ѪŨˮսʤżҡǼҳ˴вóΪյյվ

ڶұȥϲִͷƱаСʱˮ·Ҿ͵ˡ
˴һĽһţҲûˡż
ҵ߻0.1ĵȻ˫һѣֱ


㣬ҵˣŻŵ˴һխС׵·
һƬҰСҵļҡȻѷƣȴûڡ컯֮
ˣֻҹСǸæ˸ݵǱһ߿̫
׹һ߽ŵš顱ӦĴʱҰ
һƬ󣬵ûг֡˿ˣҿʼ
Ȼһľǹͼ飬ġƽЩǲ
ģҪ֪ϡԳҴһٷء˳
̵ľκöɶʱ˽ءԭˮϻԿ
ȴǿݵءڰ뵽˼ϣ˻Ҽ磬
Ҽ˻磬綼ñԣ˰ڳԲҪʱ
һһҵĴæһ´ˣ˦˼
Զ·תתͣûѿǿ
ͬʱҺͬˣ˸ƽɳ㣬
ͣ˰ֻӷҹĹӮˣķҷԶ
Ϣ˿̵벻ˣƽȣڴһ϶á
۾Ҳͱӷ˼ң˰ˡĩһ㣬Ǻõģ
ǺõģҲǺõģֻǶ˷ϢũĶӣһӣֵ
»ص׵̶ϣȴûᶯҰתƵһȫ
ֻ˼ҡ

ԽϤҰϤС֣ǰϤб£Ѿü
ڵĵƹ⣬̴ð̡һվǰͣ˺һᡣ
ǰڹ˽ȥڹ
ǰסǰʮꡣ㡪ˣȷ
ңĹॴ˹ϣмƣʾӭһ
˳˰Σɤʣأ˵ȥת
ʧҹɫСӼĽʱҪٶᣬңᶼ
ֵܳġͼԹ飿ˮת
ˮȥˡ

. 

1. ͻ

صü⡰ϡ֣˼ͥص㱣
סˡȻܲķһ䣬ȵֵ
ĸΪԱҵҲ˳ԷȥʱҲ
Ұ벽һߣӳңҵȻҲǰ
ȫشҵʱע顱ͬߣҼǲġ
ļɹưҸĸõĵͣ˻߶ÿÿκ
紵ݶ죬ձӽˣ̽һս
ԼķԭģȻֹϢȻɢȻ
λǳеģΪҪԵģ߷Խʱࡣɶ
ʱأⶼǧƪһпġǿգҲп
ǧƪһɣˡЩȫף峤ǣʱ
ֳҡ⽻ˡŶصλ˵£ڼоء
ооо˼壬оɲоĵġҲø
˳ˮۡڴﻹûˡоұһڼҡλ
¡͡оġ

ΪǶġǿȾԡص㱣ȻӦȨǲ
רררãרˡϾﻹһ˫ֶ̥ӡε
Ǽ˳Էҵרררǡš
Ȩôѧˣ˭㲻ҲоһءֻҪпܣÿ
ÿʱص㱣ŲԱᣬʳ㱻Ͷŵ
ˡ

ĸǼǿģջʱҺ̬ƽЩ
ŷҿģ壬죬תעҲԿϸ
ϸ·ֻص꺢ͯʱ˵ЦţܱߵһЩȤ¡
ҾӾǺĵġʱʱԼͣƽ
޹ʵ׸ĸȻǲΪ⣬ЦȻǵ˫ɣ
гաǽұҲ˵֣˼

Ǻϲɢģǲˣֻܰϸ©ʱ
ĸĵϨʱشųȥȻصǲߵġ
ĵض辶ʣԽϪ﹡СȻѵˮ׵ϣ
ˬ첲ȶһߺߺߣңԶĵ
֪֮Ҳ

Ȼʱѽ㡣ҪŽݣǶƶɳ
ƣʱʱޣԵδƵçƤϡǡȻ
һƽƽϲӡǰַģû˯
šſˡû˯ôЩִٲƹµĸײࡣ

2. ⸴

Щǲɻرܵġ磬ԼݡһҪҪߵλ
塣Ϊ߸á֪˳˿ܡ׼󻯡
ָÿ죬긴ѧҼӿѧϰֻ̣Ҫ涨ѧ֣
ģǿ԰ʱҵġ֪񲻸áһѧһ£
ЭҪ֪ͨʦרģǾʡǵ鷳հְҵ
˼

һ⡣˴ιҵʹǡƱҲһ
ҩһʳǷڼϢһܺȥҩȥʵ
ֵǵ㹤ʴȡ֧ģ桱һҼҴʵδ¼˵
ٵȵȿʱ༲ר㲥ǵأÿʱζУر
ϾŵԺ󣬶ԲҸΪ㱼㻹Ϊȫԡء
Ҹÿ׼£Ҹ֪ʶҸι㲥ҵְ
Ȼȴʥǻ۽𾦣ҪɳԽ̸ס

ͶܻвģұʶӢۣ׼ĳڡ
ˡڡ鵤ٴｺҡ˵˹Ҹεĸ
ϵλרѧʮŻѪоٴ֮ᾧ95%
ϡӡ

֮ѡٴΪĳڡʷ
֮ҲҲ˭ëǮҲҪǷ㲥һ߶
ĳרƵġרҡѧߡҲǡΡģڱΪ
ֵġȻڡҲߣڵĲǸϡϸ
ǾһġһСڡΣñĳƷͨISO900X
֤ǿı֤С˵ñȲƷװ˵õȫ
ģʵɶǺƴĵģܴô

Уڵġ赼ͶأʹٲҶǶԴˡʲ
ôӰˡͥҸӰѧ˵Ŀˣ;ҵʲô
˽鲻С˫սսǣǶʱƻΰ
θˮӲأҪʱơһι㲥
ˮʪ͸ɡ

⣬ڵġѨҲܲĶû㲥
ߡ֮ȡ̶̵İСʱ㲥ѵпеġû
ӣ㣬ϡˡ֮֮롱ʹ
ýڴס绰ڵĵ绰廨šѯģѯҩ
Чģдҩص㼰۸ģǷϢʲôҩ
оöˡʲôܺ㲻ˡʲôºתˡ
ȻлллƣơȻҵǡ¾תˡ࣬
µģ߸µģ˸µģôࡣһһ
Ůһһࡢ꣬һС꣬һС
꣬ҿ϶ߣΪɤӹҲϧӤᲦ绰ǿܼ
ԴҲһµġʵʤ۱磬Ⱥڵ۾ѩġ95%
ҲһǵӲת
ܵĻһڰ˴ո㡣

⣬ٴרϲʮҽԺ⣬Ҫôˣ
רҡءһҩҽԺרƣɼʵơ

鵤Ϊлߡرᡱڼһһ
ΪֹҪ֪鵤ÿİٰʮԪʮãһƳ̡
ǣҹ£޲̶ȥǡ鵤֮

һұ뷨˰ְ֡һֹһƳ̡
Ƴ̵УɻУһ¾׬˾ŰʮԪ˭ء
Ǳصع㣬Ƴת˺µĿԹЧǶ
ȥϲ򣬶ϲһβסҹȥˡ
ĳǰǧȼһ磬ұֱϲʮҽԺ

ôҽԺȻ˰Ҳûʳϲô
Щͷ˳һˡұϵͽʥ
һϻ̳ϿֵȥʥҲǷһҵģҽԺ¥һ
ʮ׳Ļճĸʮ׵ķ֣ٴרơ
ʥˡǰѾۼʮҰϵͽֿĶУ
Ȼȫʡءʥǹŵġ˰죬ŻûҲ¶
ͨаհɣڿһλİ·˵רҡæһҪʮ
һģǸøɶȸɶȥæŽרأǵ
ηᶨǵġȰɣһСʱרһûмͽɢˣ
ԭزʮһʮֺ󣬹ȻרҡˡҲǷ
İɣݸݵһСͷɷǡ˲ð࣬ͽ
ްشӵȥʲôϵϲ
ͽǴ򳤴̵ΧȦôȹҺȥͽһ¥¹
ȥˡҰǮһŻʥˮйͨˡȻʵЩë
ƤЩ޹ʹ·ʥǵĲĽֺͽ
ذʥ˼ҩȥˡտƳ̵ĵ˳
ȡҩȻֻСһôʾСǹ
ڼ䣡·Ǹ죬Ĳмһһ
Ƶ̬ơǾɫƾյУϾ˳
Сұһ绪˨Ѫͷ·һʮӤ
¥·

鵤һɽŻˡרô˵ǿ˵顣Ȼ
ǡ師ܿ¡ٴｺҡĸ⣬ֻиɵ۵ķݣµ
ҲҰרҽǵĻҪ¼һ飺ʲôۣ
˶ʲôܰģԴЧõȵȣΪɡʲôΣʲ
ôճ̲󣬾Ʋܳ겻ɣзϺݰҲ
ⲻѼҲⲻɺҲѼ˵ҲΪڼɡ
ӰЧһԵİְɣһԵĿ硣

յĲɾʹĹˡҸɲͻȻ巴ˡÿ㰡Ⱑ
ַźը㳷˵˺ûˣǵţ
ܵ˰趹زʳΪţ̣ȸߵΪ
ϲģҲˡϲ̾ƵģҲմˣ
档İ˵ЦͻȻ紦ӣ롰ίû²´
ǲġֻǰʱҩһһ벻鵤Ǻܿģרҵ˼ǿ
ҩڣ׿ˮһ壬۶գһ£һ
ĸԸһרҽ˵ȥĿֻһӰЧ
ţһ˵תζҿǰѧڸѧ
漣

Ϣ£ЧˡһżѪĵ
ǰȥʮʮ
һ¡ⲻ֪ǰһԾ㹻ϵĻ˰߶
ӡ֮°˸Сӣ㹻ˣһˣ˵˫۲
Լס⡣ұšû˿ü
ǻģ˼һΪ벻أţ߷ĵΪ֤һᣬ
һɣҵ˵ϣ̱ˡ

̱ˣأһɡ

3. ֮ӣάѣ

³ڹգһƳ̵ҩҲˡ˳ǸȲ
ȥҽԺ˸Ѫ졣磬ˡֿ鵥
ֲһ£صͷȱתøһʮˡ
ࡣȫеļ飬ееͳһ
ȻһȥʲôҲûˡ

ҪסԺƣҡҡͷ³Ѹҽƺʲô

跨ʦԺȡϵ뼮˽ⵥλĶԸҵ
״ǱԹ˵ô꣬ŽޡҲصλһ£ϵ
ơĿʾ⡣ְֻߣҭ˻ȥֻ֧ţ
٣˵Ҹû·;̫Զת㡣ǾȻ֪ѧ
¡ϲǡ

ˣҵĸѧΣԼ֮飺ʦá

߽֮ʦƺżȻġĳҸջصңҿ
ӴոһС㣬úǸŶСһϡ֮Աǡ
㲻ţ˼һ˱أĿʾ⡣Ȼһ
Ӷ˶ѹͷ̵Ҵӵģһǲ
㣬ɢԤȵ֪ŮҪҴӲ죬ҲǱһ
ӹ̡ҵЩ̡ȥģҽŽɡû
ϵġʱѧŪ֧ңͻȻ
󱻴һǿ롣һ飬һƮ˿Ůġе
Ȼʧ˵СʦáѼըšҲԼĪ
ʦ̸Ժ˼һͶ¡

Ҽˡ˺Сɣӵ㡣ܴ󷽣
ûй߳ŮֺɬȻǹġʦһȻ
ǿϢߡרҵߴӽ̱Կֱôר
ƾ漴оһδ¼ȡڶ߷ߵһ־ԸԺУ
ʵ󣬲ݵʦ£ʮꡣ

ʱҵ죬ЩĬĬš㳣ҡ
ĳֶȻһʱ࣬У԰ңɡ
нʱԺо鴦޿£һĻ
ҲѧѲʱҵʱ࣬ʫʣ
С

󣬿ʦóΨһĶѧУϢݸ
ġҺĿҵ˵γ̺ɣҲģǺϿεģ
ͼݡʲôίҲԸߡҲΨһԸߵĶ
дųһּУҲһܡ󹤣ɫдǼ
дʵżĳʵĶĳʵĶ
֪ԼǷϲˣƭˣ

֮ǰÿҶǿԼָúܿ죬ǰ긴ѧ
졭

صüҰVCDңĸ׾ֵؿҡеļг
ӰȻԼƬˡҿţVCD
˷ˮ½ˡĸ˿

ȴ׹֢;˥ĹȦУʣױŭֱ
ղ˵һ仰¶ЦҲˡԭ˯߾ǳ
εģڸһз紵ݶèܣľҹߡ
ĻǸĸһСĺЦ´ҵŭ̼ҡȻ
үźõģ趼ٽˡΪƬ
ǵۣ豾ȥȿθ㡣û磬ֻͷķ
͡һԵһԵİֹͣʡȴɴ˿ӣ
ͷҲصȥҡϵļһ鴤Ͳɢ
ǽһԪҴȥسɢɢģ绰ɶģƺ֪
˼ؽ˰ţҲŰŴˣӲؾܾܡ
ԳţŻҡûпţҲû֨һ
ѣҪһôɣԼѳˡ

ҹĦŵƬƽһүﲨƵҸ档
ܼ򵥣Ҳ¡ԴȻȥȻΪҡСߣӣ
ԭӣ˵ȵȣһǸл壬Сߴ֮ԴߣǸл
壬򲻹֮һϸǸл壬಻֮һϸ
ҺܿǰϸԪѭ֮ͨϵͳǴһϵͳ
֮壬Ԫ㣬㡣岻⡢̼סءп
Ԫعɲ֮ͨлѭϵͳ죬һѮ£󶼸
룬ΪУһ˿һΪ߲һʶҡ
ѭϵͳܹ֮ܡֻҪ֮лʴڲѭţûٻ֮
ᡣµǵ֮壬и̻һʧأ࣬һ
֮ϸһɢ˱Ϊݼ֮һƬǡ
ͣ򣬵ʱǨӹӺ͵
ͣ޻лӺϸﵽϸ޼׵࣬
Գˣڣֹ˹ꡣ߸ЩĳСǶؿ
һ¶ʧΪƬ΢ߣ̫֮һ
ôϾʱĸʮһ
ӱǵͬģˣʱ֮΢ƬƮƮ
ޱ޼ʣϢȰΰ˵죬꣬
һһͣʱղ۵ĸ֮лҪٻ
̫ϵ֮Ǽټֻأʱڤڤ֮У
÷ˡȫһˡȥˣزʣ
αظʶ 

滹ǻ𣿡˼ҵеѪ޼ҳҵʲô
ôڵƬ֮ػ˫ܱߵ´ݣѾ
ûιˡ

ʵҲ֪ׯӵġ衱ȫһ¡ѧҵɣ
зף޴ʹĴʧ״̬ܺ߳
ӰʳӺ̬ٳ⣬ٲʲôˡͬʱ
Լίʸ񣬻ָ˶ճӣԼƣ͡
ҩǷţһǹҪôҲǸοһָ˽а
裬Ӵɽ졣ϲɫ˯߻ǳ⡣˥ʧ
һֱҵѧ

³ȫҩ꣬˸飬ûչתøһ
һʮһѵõѪɫ·Ҳ硣ұֹͣκҩ
ֵ˼Ҫơұڶȥϲֻһ
洵óȵҩǰҰݻһλϲĳ̨˵ͬѧ
ת˵̨ҽҩ棬ᵽ֮ȡ˾յٱǵ£
ҾֹһƵĿְҵҾ߳ܣڽ
󲻽⡣ĶǼٵģͬѧڶˣѣ
˵ûͺõġʱͬһ˲򼸴Ρѹɤӡ˴ε
ǧԪִˮƯҰп

ڶкܿĽӽβˡһæȥ˸顣
ǰתøʮ壬ǴﲻѧҪȫеš
ΪЭ飬λҪھһǰѧѧѻָʻһѧ
ɣһǧԪܷ³ôʺţȥǧѩϼ˪
ֹ֮λֲͨĵ绰˰죬˵
˼æԭ򡣰еʵ顣һֱӵĸоû
ڴҰֺҡְŵŵҵѪ

ѧڼȫһ飬ƹˤһǻȡѧ
һУô󡭡ֹעһˡ

ڰµ׻صнһ

. ѧ

1. ɽˮ

ңûʲôĸĹۡΨѧϵѴӵԳϷʼ
ϷΪĩŮѼδʱԭ˹ӵ
ˣ˯ͨQQ椣ִ˲ƣѾһ򿩣ճ˼
Щġ˵ս˹һĲáԺһΪĶ
ɨ衣涨ҪںڿϷһƪ²ܱҵġһƪ
ģ㶨ΪCUTУCOPYƣCLIPճ
ǷΪPASTE֮ٽ裬ΪԺĵC塣һ
ҵ־󾭹Ժרһṩ棬һҪ棬ýǸʹ
ĥߡտʼһ٣ǵһǧ࣬ɮ٣汦ء
һȥĳɲѧԺٳɰིѧȥˣÿСʱһԪÿ
СʱϵСʱѾȥ˽һܡˡ

ϢһܺһĵȥУҽԺѪơӴҵĻλʿ
ұȥ˱ƣλҽҪһȥһΡ
һᳵ·ﱨ˽׼ֳã̾˿
Ŭָڲ벻ܲġ
ëϯꡰʡŽ˵绰

һұӵһ绰ܵģȥվܳѧ
磬ЩұءǳƣֻҸߴ󡣳վܶ
ɪɪƣһ̸ӱӵֵĵ绰
̶ɸݳվתݣʱҹٱϣ˸
ҵƽͷһȥУҽԺ¥ǻȥѪƣ˸첲
ʿšͿʿڰȥظ
߳УҽԺ

Ȼֱȥ˱ơԭܵѪ컯鵥ԣ
ܵġΪҸθȾߣٻһԡҽԺ
Σƴ˵ܼˣӻͳ۵õ300Ԫĵ
ƴڴƴɫţ˻
ܿкãкáˮš
ǻ취ģоо˵ֱе˱ƣ
סԺƣȥʹȾƽǢһԸ⣬±ͬѧ֪
ΪҶͿˡͼ͸˸ھסԺơ
ұĵУҽԺĴȾ仧ˡƣʵҲǴΣ
5%ˮһСƿʮĻɫҩҺÿƿϡһ
ţϻҡȾҽ˼Ū˵һͷ
ԣڵʮ켸ʵ˵ֻʣԪûؼҡ
ҽӼǮܱʾ·Ѷǽġǵʮ
ѪһΣʮǳɹԺʮסԺúϼư˰ʮĵ
Ԫס޷ѣҽҩѣѡԪʴȵˡʮŵѪ
תøˮдʮƿ˿֤
ҳɹظѧˣһ

ϲ֮࣬ĵȥʡҽԺ˸Ѫ졣תø
ʮ

2. ֮

ڣ벻ˣҲ룬ܾøһ㣬ͬѧ
ǲ޽١ƺ̫Զҳˡڻڡ
ȲҲࡣγȷʵɣҲģͱʱľ
ûʲô߶˼ͷΡĶ˳ģѧ
ˣڷҶףɻǳĺá

һƺࡣƧԣһ˶ž룬ά
š֮ʦáҲǾɣ»صѧУǴ
һʱ仹Ǻܶ࣬ҲûгʱġС޲¡ˣҲǸû
֪֮ߡͺ쾹ټġұ
ʦڲţԼȥȡɡʱڷһ飬ϲӡ
ЦˣҰɡݸʱɡΪʲôѺί
ҵͷ

ҵбһҵգһѧĵһѧұ
ѧʵϰɽԺҹ󲿵ЩѧѧԺͳɽԺЭ
飬һ࣬һʦʡԺоǵʮѧʱѧģ
ðʮԪÿѧʱǮȥꡣҲεĽӽҲϵ
ĳ죬ദúܺãǰϵļͷú졣
ǳҿݼеһ¡ҳμǵļɽ
һɽˡǱ·һ̨֧ȥ
ŮӲʡλŮʿ˺棬
֣Ԯ֡ҸĹ߸ݣʮָ޳
޹ǣճסһ˲䣬һһһ̴ȫ
ҴˡͨºĵһνӴԵ֡շתϣ
˯ŮˣŮˣQ˾ϵͺ
ָܻ廬ģŮˣŽ顣ɽʱһСı
ҿ͵ҲૣŮˡ

Wˣý硣ʼ˼ºڼ
Ǽˣý鼮W߸ߴǷ֡˶Աܣ
ֹľġһ˼ң¶ȴˡ
Ǳƣָܿϲ¥ҵŮѣǿͷ;ϵģ
ýֻšƵɧű˴ˣΪѵġհ£
˼Զĳǰһܽ
١ϣ˷ܵҪУĿǱĿתؿ
Ӱ͸࣬崿ҵ

һºĳɢŲȻĵؽһʦڴ
⡣ָʵ飬һ͵ġǾ¡һ
Ҿðû˵ºУ԰һƧ
һ̸УδΪʲôҪ뿪أȻѡң
磬ǲ硭شǰ͸۾ġĻ
ǽڡУ԰֮ԶԧҲգ¶ˮҲգ򽻱۵
ơҺأͽĳֹϵǱϾǿͷϵġ
ôãǻšֶ֮ûءɢ
Һܹ֮һƥͬһʯ壬ҪһϾء
ܡ硱ôҲáŮܲסҲ»ݣһ
ӽԼųıΣҾˣһ˵ج
ôһӳԷѾҵˡ

ʶһֲHʷϵģģŶ˵ĺˬ
һμ棬ԵպĴ㡣£ûɶҰĵġ
űءĻܶҵĿζ͵
ĸͣĩ˵һҭҰСȻԺУ
ȫУȻĿҵĿһ³Ǽţ
ÿһֲʮվ·̡һԷһ
ӰһУ¼ϻǡ֮û
ӰӴṩ˻ˮ뻷üҸоõ˿ҵļͷ
ŵüഺŮԵζ־ʹҺ֮Ļϣһһ
ѹס˳嶯ûӰǰҵı걾
ֻǷԶһסļιĳٵ绰ʱ
һ֧ɣˣɵɵģ㲻ϲ
ġˡ

Ƶҵһʦ˿ࡣѻ꣬ΪˣǾ顣
ʦһϯ粦ա˵ŮܸһδεعͣӰɶģ˵
㣬ǲų㡣ŮһԼͶֶŵ
ԣ̫нҲáν˲Ů˲Щ˼ġ
ԼἸκԻһ˾̬ǣɶĶңֻŮ
ʧ˼ҪôԼûҪô˼ҸͲϲԼ
ɫԼζ޶Եģ⡣̫͵
ˡʦܽԵ˵޹ֺW֮ǲ硱H֮Ļ
ʱ㣬ʱ㣬ҲѽҶͻȻصһ衣
ҳ̾һԼԩ鰮һȨһΡ

3. Ƽɵ

һλλ˱ҧ»ءʦһ
ȫˣתͶšµʦѧԺ¹󡣺ôҲϴ
ˡûʲôֻܰȫҵΪǷ˼һֽǲд
꣬ұ㰴ЭصλѧˡΪĵķ㣬䱸µһ̨
ʹÿŰٰʮʷŽ˿񡣿ϵȱԪǰ
ʦƼԭⷽ¯׼󣬴ںһ´ճ
ġͷˣͷöµڵʦĿźʹߴ£òλ
Уר޸ĹҵڱҵǾһ֪һһ
ѯʺνǱȻģͬǵĲɺѹ˲ôࡣ
˾޴ѹ֮ĽŵΣͶԵĽһ˽⣬
ظ֮ºһJĽȴĿǷʱ¸У
еνδ׵֮飬ö֪

У԰äӵķռ磬֣ʶޣ
ǣţĵϺӡУ԰䡷ټ
ä棬װһøУøеϲϲ
鰮Ѱһ绰ȴߡ˼շתࡱһȦ
һȦĲУͺͿɮ롣Ȼһʥˣ
ܵģϵ۲˵ô򷢡Ϳ﷦ζѧϰѹäĿ
ֵһؾʣϵʵ͹һѵõĴȣ
ǸУеһص㣬ΪиһҪģ͵
Խ֮Ͼռձ״̬֪ǰ;δ
Ծҵζŷ֣ϰң
һǿҼǹ˺ͱ˼ǹǼ¡֮ʱԣ


ʶȫżȻʱУ԰иСĿСѧء
ЩƵϿɹءȻȴһĿ
ءֻҪһЩϣαע󼴿ɻһңֱ
쵲԰׵˻ע߱УȻ٣Ҳбʡʡ
ֵԺУģѧĿĸ죬Ϊлֵ򲻴֮Ŀġ
į˾ŵʵż˽ȥʱֵ֮ʱҲע
һȻעУУԱ䣬صȵȶϹ࣬
Ǳɺںӻɽ˲®ɽĿҪǿ
һһҽϺ͸˵Щر
ˡһȥQQʼȵȣҲϤˡδ
ΪҸ˵ԭһ͹۵ԭڱУ
һСʱĸٹ·̡ҽУ׼ҵĺĴʱԪ
ڷʼQQҵķУڵٽ׫д޸ıҵ
ĵĽźѹƣڱ֮Ľ˿ݼΨһ㡣
ҼƱըɾ͵ؽеˣҵSweetheart
ģϵġǱԼһԸ
ѮһʵˡĹٷǼȼ
ǵȴҵһĲ֮ҹʧȥ¤տΣϡ
ġԼ˯ȻȻ磬Ԥرܼˡ
ʱͬѧֻҶϵУſڵĳأ
һŵٱҴҵǰʮӵִָص㣬
ϤϤԻȡƶӳ

УҵⲽʻУڡҸоԼȫȣƺѪ
ҺѭȻ١ұԹԵԤصԴһĿŵɨ³
˿͡ĩһ˿͵СԤеǱƬеɽŵ
һϵֻص;ⲽһǳɫСɡһ
ѧʱ˵Сһ۹ѰšԣˡȻȵȴ
ⲽⲽĿδȴڽŵڴм尾š˿
㽥ɢȥ֮ǲʱУŵˡ׼Զ
ңĵ绰ȥȴһ΢Сȴܲ̽ԡ
ڽҡһҵԱܲƺҴ󵨵ӭȥŶˣ
ǽͷǹ⻯ʵʱ磬ǱУ԰Ƨ
˴һ߽ȫµ̽ӴҲ˼ʱ
ƬϵԼһģӣʵеʵ
еĴӣԲ˱־ԵѪɫΡǿǳ
ɳеӡǡһʵСһ京ŵĳա

ʵסУ¹Ԣ˵Ǽǣ֮ͣ
ɢŲ߳УšŮɢȫȻûеİԵȻ
߾롣ȴƺ󷽵ö࣬һֹʱ͸¶һ˿
ŮǰĽ̬һΡ˵ʱԼ̬

Լʶи̡ʥģΨһɽƲ׺ˮ
֮˵ΪԷԼһ롣ĿбӣνͷС
Σ˶࿴һƺҲ£Ҳʹð֣Ȼɫ࣬
ˮĲϣŹ˲ϵĲȣ
ܲײˣܳ伢ɡԼﲻϸĵ԰׿ɼһߣ
ͼƣŮһ壬ŭͥһ룬ŮѰԼ
һ롣ǳĶף϶ڴһ԰׻ˣ
׺Ϊˮȴɽơ˵˾ǣνΨһ·
ģδزʺģ绯ѧӦܺпӦߣδزӦ
㲻ǶĻΪԼս̵档ͼŮ
ѶΪԺñOѪܽͬκһŮԲʹҸ
ŮԺñABѪܽɰκԲҸѾѧ
Ὺѣһ۵ĸ߶ˡ

ϵǾԶûôȻʵй߳ġ䡱ȴ
롣ڲϵԼӺǾ벢δ̣ĺ
ġֱ뿪У԰Χ൱Զһξ룬ҲŹסԼŹһ
ԶԣǣֻˣھԼųҲ𽥸ˡߣߣ
ֱܲˣԽԽС˴ֱܲʱÿһ
ܸЩ˷ܡߵһѪ⼤ԽҲ跹˼ˡ
гͻȻ׽סҵұۣһɣֲ䣬¸ҵ
סҵĸ첲ҵڵšһκŮ˽Ӵ͸
ŲеĽ࣬ҵؽܲʱǴԺͰʾԵ¡
һлȻΡ

ʱѽʮ㡣У԰ʱǵľߣУ԰ʱǵľѲ
΢ף˭в΢ǵĻҵһν̧ǿŴ΢
߽롣ȻƺȻδ뼴̻صİĵ
ԢȥУ԰ǵ˹رߡⴺɺȱҹǺġ
ҳƬ̣ƴˡңƺҵѶĺɶ
ڵûǶѹƺ˻ˡУ԰Ծţϡ
ϡɢˣҪıǴһ깱һݾӵУ
԰ԧǡƽն֮ԱǵģΪҲҲǳ
̫һ¶¶ˮˡн죬ҲŶǱУƺ͵
ͬˡ˹ر߲ôر߻ľӳؽ
͵Ե˫˫ԶԡĴĶ௣΢Ҳϣ
Ҳۣбʵô

ѹʮ㣬ǵĳ˽֮ݡʵǵĵȫǶ
ģûעΧĴڡٴĳرж
Ϊ̫ԻǸˡµһƽĴʯ飬Ա
һСġҵ֣Ǳ˴˵˵Щ޸
ϵɵ⡣ŲԶ·ƣǺͨͨ
ң񣬺ֱֻÿռСԭ
ٽԺ̶˻һ飬ԽԽԽԽأʧ
ˡҵϸоȵϢʪȵĶС촽
·ʧʱ·һǸе죺
֯ŵıۣǸĴµʯȴһ߶ľ룬
ͿǴһΡϾ˽ʮӣᲱŤġȻ
ĴȴԸֿܱۣǵһξ
͸֧ҪɡСĵҽǽһ
ε顣Ϊµʯ鹩һ࣬ȴԾִ٣ˮ
ߣǶϷû˵¹ڣ˹Ǻҷʯ飬
ҵĴȡҼ̸ܵһַϢӵľ
ںͻ᣺ñ˴һˮԧĻǰܿ촽ķ
ȼ𣬶ұǰɷǾҡȻôҲң벻״̬
ҵʶһ߹עÿһĽŲ

Ԣѽʮ㡣ЩԵײײػصҡڴ
ȥ¡һĻĻÿһͲʱÿһ
Ӱһڴ﷭ٱʱݷǱ𣬶
ڶ켴ټġϰԵֱ賿ԼĪ˯ȥ
Ȼͬһ񡣶Ӱͳʮӡ֮
˳ݵ糿ģ˷ȵĴѡ
Ƨеش˶ļأܿ˫˫һϰΪ
ͲòطֲˡƽһϰĵҲһ
ĶǳԵĺ˷Сᵽҡ
ݣУ԰ĳĲࡣͱϣȻĥĥ
ֱһУ²ĸγϺֻһʴ
֮翪բĺˮһйڵ绰ϡįĵ绰Ҳ
ÿһβʱĻһҵƵûţ̤ʵ
ˡ죬Ҵڵ̥ˡ

ٴμһƽܡʱ޸̽׶Σ񾭱
ģΪһһ˺żҪˡΪûвʿ㣬СС˶ʿ
ĴҲɷн£һû˶ʿԺУ֣µñȲʿ
ĻϸһƽʱνʦҲֻһȲҲʦеĸɴ
ͷβһͷʱĵʦഷ棬ΪɱȨգ˵У
ŪͨҲаѵıʾһ飬߶ı飬
Ů˶ޱߡҲĵĹ׶Σܳ巢ȥɵ
ʦɣرᵽҵĸӲı˳﷨ϣ
ϸϸУԵĸɴ⣬õʦͷ桰ɸӡȻ
ϹϾһ绰ȥ˵ȡظӡ˳̳һصĸ
ӣҵ죬һһעֵָǦɷ裬ɾߣ
ŵȵȣǵ㣬һҳȫհסͶ嶼Ʒõô
ͷʦѧͬʱʤ̾⼸굽װ׻ˣ˵
գ֮߳ȻҪǵʦ˵һ仰
ҿԿƳٴ磬ʮ·ݡ֪Ƿ񼤽ô
赭дҲסˣԸѺȥ꣡ʦ
Ȼû뵽ﻹ롣ԭһú÷һµģԻ
ҡõĸ硣ɵۡ

ĺŹġǼ˰ݳǡƺӴ
ţɽţͣͣȤӰƺԤӵ޸
ȴҲˡʱֻھͲʱһۣʱ
ϰڵʦ׼İ칫޸ĸΪΪԺѧ
Уõһ̨칫ԣҲͨ칫ҵ绰ңңʱκµ
޸ָŵǷɼ档ƽĹҵͷʣԹԡ

Ժ칫½õʮ˲칫¥֮¥䱸ɭϡ
ĵģ¥ż˽绰ŵˣƣ
šһ֪ˡţĽ̿鱧ǰ
۾ѯңԼǷ֮͡ûþúڣƺ
ĵʡŪ˵һ˵ǰԴ
ͷһСΡŪҲӰģҿŪˡҼӿ
ȡӲͻȻ쵽˲ϱһ˫Ķסˣ
˫֡ǵŵķʹӲ͸ഺŮеζǰĵ
ʧˣǺӣҺʪȵϢ

Ҳδԡصơˡһм豸
ν۵ʦɿĲ࣬õظλ
ʱڡԶ˵ģнͷ·ƣ͸
һЧҵʶģıڣµĳ
ɣѹµĵҪǱϡӭס
ſ˫ۣǱһ𣬾ǽ߻͵ĳɳϣ
һγഺ뼤֮ഺŮԴζ㣬崾Ŀ
ÿһʮߡཻʱΪֻ
һôÿһ´𰸶Ƿ񶨵ġտʼһܹסԼ
Ůܲܿ˫ֱ㱳ָܲӸֱǰ˵˫塣
Ůˣ֮һƸߵ㣬ͦΣ㣬֮ݼ
һˡðδݵ㣬ŮҲ˳ˡ˵ģ
ܲսŮʱԼй˳Ͷϵ˼ϽµĵֿҲ
Եˣպһڽʱʵʱͨ
ǱΪ鲻ֿҵֺܿĲ̽
ǰ׽סǶʸеСǶڼԽСҲƺͻȻ
סʥŸ衷С¹֮ǵĺԸĳ
ѹҡ̰ļһջ޾Ķת۱뵡ˣ
ָ˫ʦƽԭƽ̹ʵĸƺ
ĲݡƺĽڶסͼֱԶ
ţпŦϣҲ
ϣǿиɻ߱ͻơ˺Ů˵ľʵһ
Ŧۣ⿪ŦۣǾ֮ͣ˺һӶĻңҿ
ԽǧɽˮҺʼҪͻһʱЩ
⣬ǳǳİɡɳܷΨһָڵִ
ĵطŮʱµڹȴǿ֮ĩļޡ
Ԫ˧ҽҾõڣŶ룬֮ʦ
ͽ͵Ŭʱ칫ҵ绰ˣǣ̱ˡ

β

֪عǳĳӣܹνߵȽĴѧΪäͰ׳
Ǿ֪ġ˵ɫǳ͸˶ʿͲʿȡֵĶ
ѺԡЩ֤ܿعһ죬߲׸ʮ˸ʮ
ߣúDNAתдȻĴͷ
ߣרҺѧˡǵĿƽ

¶ʮģ֯Ĵ磬Ĵһָ̨
ϵνרѧװӣ̨µĴװӵǶʤε
ȴԴĴĿ㡣Ƶشһ
ֽĽбҵĵӡˢʱһƵطţĥǹ
ȻǼװǻƵΪʶ֮ν⡣磬ؼ
˹ڡߵǡ˵˵ʲôǶ˹ڡ
ãһֻҪ̸̸Դ˵Ŀʱ
ӦôдColorӢƴȵȡṩȻЩӦ²֪
֮νشҪ꣬Ӱ˶ΪһȨһӣ
ΡΡȻƽıĮӺѹȽ׼˲ϢȨɱᣬ֪
ȨĺôŵŵãЦһͷʱһ
̧εĻЦеģһרָǰ
ɰɭǸңû˵дɢģȻһͨԷ淶
ľٲȻȫԺʮһУһıǹУŮԣ
ʹģԺҪɱߵһٴ롣ô
Ǻͷâǲ¶ҪʱʦϺڣһĳһ
Ʊƾ棬չأȫƱͨڻ˸ҵ

УǰʦἰУһ£˵ҽӹӢϵĽѧģĿǰ
ĿζһλպţԼʵз˺ӣ֪֮
ԼȻѡУȴһ֣һЪ
߸Ȼ޿ȦİèȻԭΪѧ
Уν̵ıض˵áʵȻĲĲܳǹ
ǴķʽȻڲ

һɵ˶ʿѧλȥ꣬Ҳӡ˶ʿѧ
ƽĳ꣬ѧȸУˣʵ˰˵ĸ
⣬˵˶ʿǹƾһ꣬һ룬಻꼴ɻá͹
ǵѧˣ˼ȴˣϵĺ٣˼Ҵɫ
ô

Լ⼸ѧЩɶɢĿγ̣Լѹв
ƴһʱһѧڣظ75Ҳ¹ʶ֪°ɣֲ¡
Чأʱڿߴƽ񼶱ܾҵҵо
׶أСģαѵеġĻóһƵĲݳ
ڿ߳ĶˣʴȵģḴӡЩο
һ£Щߣͷһ棬ָЩԴ伣٣
ټʱȻβԵʱ

Ƕѧ󲻾ұֹͣ˷ҩúܺáұ
˸ǰĳ̬ҵЭ顣һرǰʦʸ֤졣ϻ
Ͽ֣Ұֱ˳ȥȴĺã˵ڶԣת
ˣҲԶ˿壬Ľ⣬øҳ
ġˣ̣ԭͲ飩ȾƣơƵˮȣ
ɫţŮǸǺǣѧϢֹ۵̬ȣط
Ӫ˶ǿʣڵ綼ѵôһ
˵ðɣǱʶûǶ

ûоͷ»ڼ

ʱǶ¡WڹĳоſĻ
СHѾ͵ȡ޷зˡJ˱ҵֵ·
֮һһеʱաʦأ۴ѧʿȴ
ʦԺô˯ƣ

˰㣬
ڰԣ
˰㣬
Ϊǳ
ôأ

ҿԴͬ壬
׿Խ飬
ﲻضӵĻ
Һαǣ֣

Ŀδ֮

ҼɽģϧɽҲǡḴա

2005-3-11ʣ

2005-3-23壩


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