                          ˿µϣ20080930գ

08.09.30, һá̷¼ƽô
08.09.30, ׳͡ѧоĹ淶ڴԳתе塷һ̸
08.09.30, ơ뿴Ϻͨѧ̩ѧԺӸԪôġ
08.09.30, аͷпԺѧоŻѧΪ֮αݡ
08.09.30, ʵEricµͬһ¡
08.09.30, Σ
08.09.30, ӡжãҶã¹绤ǡ
08.09.30, лȺԶҪ򲻷̵ĲƷ
08.09.30, googgoneȳӦΣ
08.09.30, ˼̸飬Ѱ
08.09.30, ӡйĶҲ谷
08.09.30, ձٻйƷ
08.09.30, ٻ̲Ʒ Ȼ¹ڸ
08.09.30, looαƼĹ㶫Ƽ硷
08.09.30, ľơ߿Ƶס
08.09.30, Yushڡ⹴ġһعƭӡ˵
08.09.30, Ѱڱѧ2008ѵϵĽ
08.09.30, ҶաƴĸĶ

˿(www.xys.org)(xys2.dxiong.com)(www.xysforum.org)(xys-reader.org)

̷¼ƽô

ߣһ

̷¼ΪֹССʯסԺ
άȨѹƺͶý屨пƣһ˺
¡Ѿʵ永ҵһʼʹƭɻأ
ҲϢˡææȡһЩʩҲΪ
̫ʵ԰ƽֻӦһ¶ѣЩʩȻûҲܴӸ
⡣ҪӸϽйʳƷȫ⣬Ҫñź˾
ҵʱ޴еۼලͷɹ淶֮¡۵ؿ
ûκδ㡣ôݿ˵ɱ⣬ֻһ
ʱ任һҵѡ

ڣҪѶ̷¼ƽˡ໹ȫûиý
ڶ̷۵ĸ汨Ϳʼϡٶϼӹˡʼ첿ѾΪе
ҵƷ˱Ҫ󵽴УԼжôȨӣ
ССĹԱýǰţ̺ȵòֺڲ֪Ƶģ
ǸҵǰƷְ˻ܣո¼ܵĶƷ
Ƶġ

ͻȻ뵽ζ̷¼ҵƽȥȫû
һôأ

һ̷۶СһԩòסƷ˵ˮʲ
̷û⡣ҽ˵̷ƺ⡣Сĸĸ
˵㲻Ҳû취

˶̷۵Сò;Ρ֪ж˻˶
ΪϢͨΪû֪ǴȺ¼
ûΪ˸𡣸ִŶа߻ᱻаҵƽ

ƶȻϡɣ˵
ƶȷй鷢Ҫһܺõƶȡ

ġ¹ҵĴͲᵹţƷҵ
˵ÿһ̣ǿ׳йˣĻȫ˴ţΪ
θеҵҡҲͲ֪жٺҪж̷۲
˶

塢һԱͲᵹ̨ЩԱ̨ϴѧ
չۺּʶЩ˿ܻڸ߸ҪĸλϺˡ

ûлһ̵ʳƷȫ˵ù˵ô
ˣϵƭƭǮ

һ룬ëȻ

(XYS20080930)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys2.dxiong.com)(www.xysforum.org)(xys-reader.org)

ѧоĹ淶ڴԳתе塷һ̸

ߣ׳ 
ԭءʷѧо20043  

ѧڲǰġڴԳתе塷
¼ģ[1]һƪѧоġ˹̹ѧ
ѧڿKlein2002[2]ΪҪݣ̽
еãڽлþƶɽ
ᣬԭȷ˻ύ

Դоǹѧȵ⣬ѧ־ѧ
Science͡ȻNatureԴϷ£ÿһش
໯ʯķֶѧ޴졣ڡѧѧʯ
ʷʷѧоƼ̬ȿһֱķ
ѧѧڸٱԴ·֣ʱشо
ɹпԺԺʿѧ꿵㽭ѧʷϵӧ̽20
90һϵģ淶ؽ˹໯ʯֺ֮ݻ
ϵ[3] 

ڿѧоԴ⣬ѧĿͿѧҰ
ֵ漰ʷǰѧΪѧѧȽ϶Ϊѧ
ڶѧƣЩѧƱ൱ӣҲµķչڷרҵо
˵ѶȺܴξѧڿЩѧƽоɼΡ Ȼ
Ķĺ֣ȱѧƻʶ½п
ѧо۾ݴʧȫĵĽԳΪٽѧ
ĽչͼΪڹѧʷǰѧ۾һ
ЩԴʹԿѧо淶ĵ

һȱѧƻʶ

Ľпѧоȴȱѧƽоǰй
ѧʷǰѧѧƳʶɴ˲

1ѧķ

۵Դ⣬໯ʯ󲿷ֲ
ķ淶֮һԼ׳ԭ򣺺жӦƵ´ʣ
רҵһ㲻Ӧٶ׫ʵϣЩѧй̶
ûбҪ·룬ķӺͻҡİHomo 
habilisˡù໯ʯڹѧ硢ֻ̲ȷ
֡ʹΪԭףҲ˵ɡ
ˣδܡڡСɣҪǣ
߲˽ѧĻֱӵ²ֹ໯ʯҡѧ
ʽõѧѧҲ⡣ѧдʱбʾ
𣬶ĵһĸӦôдᵽѧûѭЩ
ѧһȷⲻøġѧǰɲֱӱʾ
˹ֹϵҲڽϵλáѧʱ
ͬʱ׼ȷͻѧң¶Խϵλõ⡣
ֵķԣڴˡеķ󣬾
ࣺ

ѧ  淶ѧ
Orrorin tugenensis ͼʼ ǧԳͼ[4] 
Ardipithecus ramidus  عԳʼ 
Australopithecus afarensis ԳϷԳ 
Australopithecus garhi  ϷԳ 
Australopithecus robustus ƽˡްϡ ϷԳ׳ 
Homo habilis   
Homo ergaster Ͷ 

2

ĶԻҲ²ֹѧ벻ר
ҵ¾˵һİAustralopithecinesΪ
Գ˵ֱָߵֱϵȣĳԱʵ
ӦΪϷԳࡱָϷԳĸ֣ʱҲֱ
ߵ˿ƳԱǲֱϵȣԶ棬ĳԱ
ڡеĶ˲һרʡĺͿԭģ
ָӦΪǵˡеİ¶ˣָʵհ¶
ʯ켼Ա[5]а˴ʯҵOldowanҲ
һ໯ʯơ˵ˣȱݡѧ
ˣDawn Manָ20ͳӢѧı
ƣPiltdownƭеļٻʯ[6]еġްϡһ
ԭеrobust australopithsǷָϷԳ׳
Ĳͬ֡Щרҵٱѧ۲ֻͣ
ϼӴ131ҳʹЩ˵ϵͼҲ
ƵġִȵĶϵڻơ˵
ƽ˵ĸʵָƽȫ޹صϷԳĸ֣
ĳĹ塱ָϷԳ׳֣ްϣίʵ
ʣս ָϷԳ׳ֵĻʯ걾У
Ľִۣ100ǰڷ޵ްϵ˵
Ȼִ֪ˣHomo sapiens sapiensĸִ˾10ǰ
֣ϷԳ׳ֵΪӦ100ǰȻ10
ǰֱִӹϵ132ҳϿϵͼ
ͼֱ˵ĵĽȫĳƣȵĴͣԳ
ͱƽԳܹӦԳԳ
仰˵ˡھ߱˫Ӧ200ǰı
ǨտͼϷԳֵȴ200ꡣĵ133ҳ
ᵽΪˡֱ150ǰ޵ľ˵
ңԶ֮һҲǴġϷԳֲǱ˵Զ棬
ҿв޴˻

3Ի

ĵ131ҳྭ˶ٴͻأĻشǣ
ĴΡһη250ǰԳͻȻʯͷСС
ڶη170ǰԳȺˡˡ߾ִ߱˵
ͣη60ǰʯľϸ̶ȣͬʱԸ
ƣĴη5ǰҲǽͻ䡪ڡĻչ
ϵͳͻȻø߶ȸ ڵ129ҳ˵ˡԼ200
ǰôìܵر170ǰأй
һݵԭģѧǹƣĴα־¼ִ
ĻĲһηھ250ǰʯƬʯ֣Ļ硢
õ֤ݣڶηھ170ǰһξִ߱
ǷΪӵʯߡָǿǵһ߳
Ĺࣻηھ60ǰѧ߽ἰ
ʯߵƣĴҲҪһΣ
5ǰȫִ˷ƿĻ[7] ɼİ
ִĲ̵Ḷ́˵ĶԴִ
Դ۵Ļ

ԴʵһḶ́ΪĸؼԵĽ׶Ρһ
׶˵ϵͳ˿ƣHominidaeԴԴָ˿Ƶ
ԴڴԼ700ǰԳתΪֱߵ֣ͨ
Ϊthe early hominid˿ƳԱڶ׶˿ƳԱķܣ
ѧҳֹΪӦ[8]ھ700ꡫ200ǰ֮䣬
ֱߵݻ಻֣ͬSpecies׶ھ300
200֮䣬Щܵ˿ƳԱУչ칤ߵ֡ 
Ա־Homo֡ʯĻ֤ݡ˺󣬹
ֱ֣Homo sapiens֡ĸ׶ִࣨѧ
֣Homo sapiens sapiensԴ
˵ĽԡʶȻطʱûмļ¡

ִʵھ10ǰִΪĻ
ھ5ǰ ڶԻ۵⣬иͬ׶ι
ʱԽ硱

ȱѧƻʶı½пѧо

Ķֹ۵֤һȱѧƻʶıչˡ
ǣʧ֮塢֮ǧĴҲɱ⡣Ծһϸ 
ĵ133ҳ˵ ݹڡǵƽˡĿŷ֣Ʋ⣬Ӱ
˵ڴģʹʯΧԣֻ֧һ
˵ްϵȣִȡˡ
֮һڡˡĺǡˡġ
ߡԼ150ǰĶǸԭϡͶߵͷ­ȫִˣ
ƽߴ900סΪͶǡͻȻ˵Ⱥ
ģԼǡڶͻ䡱ನɡԭģǰϵ
Կԭ5759ҳ7778ҳݵĸ䷭͸
ش

1ԿԳƽԺԱϵ

˵˿ԳƽֶԹѧҶ˿ƳԱʶ
ӰԺʹת What remains clear is that when Oldowan 
tools appeared around 2.5 million years ago, people were divided 
between at least two distinct evolutionary lines. One led to the later 
robust australopiths and the other to the genus Homo. (Figure 3.5) 
ʾ350ǰĿԳƽݻϵ޷˵
ƲֻдԼ250ǰԺ¶ʯҵԺ
л˱ʾݻּϵͼ˵ƽݻϵ
ʺšͼе³ֺˡor Kenyanthropus 
rudolfensisʾԭȱ³Ϊ沿̬ƽ
ƣпܱУԳҲȷ
߼ʹ˴ʺŵûΪϵƳ
пǹԴ״[9]⣬ҲпԴͬ[10]ˣİѿ
ԳƽֱֵǲԵġ

2¶˵ﲻܴڴģʹʯΧ

Ϊ˵İ¶ˣԴһЩȻ
ǰ˿ƳԱ͵ԱҲǳЩ˵200ǰ
ԱҪʳͱѣ֯ԳƣԼ
ٻûкΪ[11]ͬһҳԴнͣ¶˴ʯ
󲿷ù裬ɼʳṹı൱ߣֿɼ¶
˵Ѿ˴ģΧҰ޵ʹʯ󲿷
裬Ҳ޷֤ʳṹı൱ߡΪʱڵĹ
ʳҪʳʳвܻúܶ࣬
Ҳޡ˴ģΧҰ޵

3νƲ⡱

Ϊrobust australopithsָһ໯ʯ֡ްϡ
ʵָϷԳԴ׳ͣҲΪ 
ParanthropusʾѾ˵ϵͳֳ֣
Australopithecus aethiopicus֣Australopithecus boisei
׳ϷԳ˿ݻֵ
ĹϵƴִĹϵ250ǰհ¶ʯҵ
ôݻ250ǰʹ˵ϵͳֳϷԳ׳
أûϷԳ֣ˡľ1997껳
쵼ĹʿŶڰǶ壨BouriϷԳ
[12]ϷԳƣԱ
ϷԳ׳ִֻߴԼ1.4ףȹԽϳ
ִˡǰ̫ıԳϷԳࡣʾ
Ƿֲеģȵֱ۵̡ʯⶨ
Ϊ250ǰ[13] пȣ޷˵
ľϵϵĿǰǰǹֵһǻ
ʯ233꣬ñȾָࡣʱֽ̣ܶ
ٶȲô졣ֻڴиķ֤ϷԳ
ϵвһյ㣬һ㡣˵ִ
ȣȱݵģҲǿƲ⣬ĵĴ⡣

4Ͷߵͷ­ȫִˡǶԭĵ

ȫִִͷ­ھ10ǰ[14]150ǰ
ôܾ߱ȫִִ­أ˶Կԭĵ94 
ҳŷ֣ӢǡHis brain was nearly full grown, but its volume was 
a mere 880 cubic centimetersԭؿкĽֻʯ걾
Լȫ󣬵880סĴ˺һ䣬ƽ
ߴ900סҲ⡣˶Կ99ҳԭǡOn average, 
brain volume in ergaster was only about 900 ccԭǽֵƽ
ֻдԼ900ףȫ෴ ǰȱѧʶ
µķ롢в٣Щʧն߽۾ݵĿŶȺ۵
˵

йһѧ淶

ԴݵԭʼϣһѧоĻ淶ڴǷ
ȱҪ棺

һϲ棬ɲʧԾ ĵ129ҳ˵
֥Ӹѧڿ˹ӿһԳҶͱ·һ
ʯֵǣʯȺṹȶ˿ڵ
ṹͬͯꡢ˿˿еı֮һҡ
һСȶ˿ڡṹͻȻȫζʲôأ֪
սɵ˿ڣ˵ıǳߡɵ˿ڣͯ
˵ıǳߡˣսͼʬ廯ʯ˿ڽṹӦ
ǡȶ˿ڡĽṹʣĽͱֻһȺ
ǱһȺͱˤġ ôĽ͡Ƿ
˺أ֥ӸѧRonald SingerͻĬJohn Wymerǿ
˹KlasiesӿҶȺķߡ˺Ϸ˹ֲ̩˹˴ѧ
The University of StellenboschĵϿϣHilary DeaconҲо
СΪ12ꡫ6ǰڿ˹ӿڵĹܲ
ʨӡ๷ʳ⶯ɱĶʬкϻ͹裬ҳֱ
ȡĶܴĲ鶯ˮţ޴򡣵ǣӶ
оЩǾΣյˮţ档ʹ
ɱ[15]ҲЩˮţȺвС׺ϵЩ
ΣԣЩܰĿԵСķ޴򡣲׷
İ취޴ڿ˹ĵزз˴޴
һķ޴Ⱥ˵Щﲢ
߲ԭΪȥĻ׵ĺϵĸ塣һ⵽һ
ԵĴֻزûзִˮɽв֤ݡһ
˺޴ٵԵĴֻΪʱ
˰Ⱥ޴¸µ[16] Ȼİѹ
޴򵱳һȺһȺࡣҳ130ҳܰ
³˹Ambroseоɹʱ˵ڶǡļǧ
ʯٶϸ΢ƬǴӷĵϰġЩƬʵ
13ֱԼ6׵ԲΡǮѺĲ໯ʯʵϣ³˹ڶ
Ƿ򵽵Ĳǡǧ黯ʯǼʯɽʵصʯ
Ƭ600ƬǻʯƬСң600Ƭǻʯ
13ĥĵԲƬ˵600Ƭ
13ԲƬֱ6׵13鵰ԲƬʯҪ600Ƭϸ΢Ƭ
ǺƴϡȤǣЩ˵ķ֪
ָΪּĵǣһļܾ˴ĥأͰ
³˹ԭģԭǷ޵Ostrichǡ[17]ֻ
ȴ2~3׵ĵǣžĴĥ ǲΪʲô
ϷʵĴ󣬵ӡָΪˡָΪĴ󿴣
Ķʱǹڴæˡƴмƪ׸

Ĳڿѧơ÷ʾȱ淶Щ
˵߶һѧ淶Ҳء

1עͲ淶תʱ˶ֱû
תѧоɹʱע־ϸϢע鼮õҳ
롣ʹרҵ߶۵Բ鿼֤רҵ޷һо
Ȼ༭Ҳ˼ѡתתʷǰ
űʱûнһ˶ԭʼϣȴûעҳ루
ɿ𣩣Ҳûעÿϵľת
ĸ𣩡£оݾǿȹѧߵĹ۵㻹
ߵо԰գѺ˶ԡⷽĴҲ١
132ҳ˵199411£ݴѧоڰ˹ӹ
ϰٿԳʯң 1995꡶Ȼ־Ϸı
Щ440ǰĹԳΪˡAustralopithecus Ramidusʵ
ǣHaile-SelassieûжЩʯƽ
ƪ¸дģҲûС 1992굽1993꣬
ѧһأTim Whiteһ֧ڰаʲMiddle 
Awashһа˹Aramisĵط17黯ʯ걾ݡ
­ǡǺͱ۹ǵȣΪ440ǰصЩʯȡ
ΪAustralopithecus ramidus[18]ramidڵصΪ
ϷԳʼ֡ǣµķоʹΪЩոձ
ϷԳʼ֡ĻʯʵϷԳ֮һĲҲ
˵ӦһڷϷԳеġʱϷԳһ
 1995꣬ظȻдһţĶΪ
ArdipithecusardiڵΪء桱Ϊع
Գ[19]Щڰ˹ֵĻʯеһ֣عԳ
ʼ֣Ardipithecus ramidus199411£ǲμӻؿ
ӵһʵϰоĳ2001ڡȻϷҲʹû
ص[20] ˶תϣͿԱⷸ˴

2ѧо̬ȹ Ļڴǰѧۣһ
ѧʶҲء ĵ129ҳᵽʳ⡣
ûССʱԳ˺أ˶Դ׳ġǳݡ
ڴ׳ǳݵ£𽥡ֱҲʼʡ 
ôǷ˺ͻжԴ׳ǳݵأ˽һѧʶ֪
ܡ˵һһ20712
䣻326Ҹ12ǰ󣬳ĵʳ⣬ȫ
ȳʳһ20ԺȳֳΪǳݡҲɼ
Ѿ˻ǳݵĹܶ˵Ҫĵ˵ȱʶң
಻̬ͬݷӸԲͬĹܡųݾиʳãȮݾ
˺ʳĹܣǰʳݾѹʳãʳݾĥʳĹܡ
˺Ҫĵ߼ҲӦǶԴ׳ġȮݡô
Ƿ͸óˣ

ڶԹ໯ʯоУݻʯܵӣԭɡһ
ݺǻʯԶԶλʯΪǵʵؾʱ
иױڶоʶʳԺĳЩΪʽĴ
ڡɺʹʳñȽʳĹӡʵҶҪ
صľ׽ǵľʳСһЩҸǵԱһЩΪ
ʳﲻܰĥǾ׽ʱ켸رգǲһֱһƵ
һߡǻнϴȮݡԵȮΪȮݻв
ֺͻ˲ͬǰϷԳдִľʳݣ
ʡ˵ǳļӲġִġάԵĲ׾׽ʳ
ܰ˵Ϸֵӡڳֲ۾龥ǵȮݺ
СӰԱƶǵҲȮвΪ
ѧƲ⣬˵ʳԵĸıǰԼļ٣˵Ǹ
Կݡ[21]

130ҳ˵ֱΨһġôǷı
ʵ˾ȡֱ߶Դãѧ
вרŵо[22]˫ֿöΪʳˮ
ҰվŶ֣Чʵʴ򶷶ɵȵȡ
ôֻʣ¡桱⡰ΨһĺôأʵΨһ
ۣ֪ݺоףδʾ 3Ϊ֧۵֤˵ǰ
һǳڳʶĲ㣬ôһͱȽˡǲò
ǹΪ֤ݡУҪ۾֮һǿԳƽ֡
ĳƣ˹̹ѧڿڡĻһ󵨽ʶ
ըۡһ¶2001괺ѧҲȷ
һʵӷԳ[23]ִ˵ת䣬ؼĻ3
ڿɺ350ǰزһ˹ѧ­
ǻʯտѧûʯԳ˱һλҵķ
Meave Leakey[24]ԵΪǵƽˡKenyanthropus 
platyops[25]ɼǷƽشݽѧ塣[26] 
ţָࡪˡǱƽģʾƽ
׷ݵ350ǰ˿ƻʯȻľùΪѧ˵ˡ
ΪѧұȽදΪָ֮Գг
ύЧʱͣΪ沿顮Ϊ
֡ķԷϲԳ˻ʯĽһ췢֣
ȫͬԳŮߴĲ̫ԭ
ǣύЧʵ£ԳʵŮ־ӣڼ䣬ܹ
ԳԶռ󲿷ŮԡݽĽԳ˵Աߴ켫
һҲڽɺᡣ֮£ڶǵƽ
ԳҪгöࡣ[27] Ȼ߲Ŀȫ鷢֣ųǿ
¶λδг֡δ֣ȫûƵ
˼ܵκĶʱ⡣ңڸߵ鳤ĿԳ
ıȳύЧʸδעͣ
λѧҵоԳԼҲԼĳԼ顰
λѧҵĸأԳʵŮ־ӣν͡ڼܹ
ԳԡΨһʵǣһ޹ء

ôǷἰӷԳִ˵ת䣬ؼĻ
3ڿɺ350ǰزһ˹ѧ
­ǻʯ˼أԿԳƽֵļء
й̸Գƽ֡һڵ2£ֱߵ
˿ƻʯʱ2001·ֵľ350ǰĿԳƽ
ֻʯ۵Ŀǰ˵Ҫڣʾ
ھӡһЩ鶯һݻͬʱڵĶ
̬[28]ڶἰڵ3£۵250ǰϷԳֵݻ
ϵʱ˵ѧҶھ250ǰϷԳֵĹϵԴ
һ£ԳƽֵķָǻϽ͡[29]ἰ
3³ֵĹʱĳЩ沿Ͷϣ³
350ǰĿԳƽ֡ζһ
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ɼȫûָݡô޿õǿ
أѲ2001й鼮ͷģ
ȷϾ޴˵ʵǣĿǰѧĶĿԳƽ
֣̬һֱǳ 20013£ܽ˽һ
˿֡Գƽ֣1999ڶǿǱؿɺ
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4ﴦֵĲǻʯKNMWT40000­ǻʯĽʶ
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δκ֪гֹԻ󡣻ʯıǹǳƽʹ
һűƽ[31] ԳƽֻʯѧҳΪ˿
ϵƻߡ[32]ڣԹѧԽΪ׼
ݻϵλõսΪƽְѼ˿Ҫ
Ƕһݻλȷһ½ֵĳԻ
õѧĳϣƽϵλдȷ֤[33]Ϊ
ѧңڽһȱ­ǻʯͲǻʯȱ
ֱӿŲ֤£˴󵨵Ʋͼ˵

ɼΪԼĹ۵ٽ˹ѧ֤ݣʹ
ѧ淶ĵߡô߿ܻʣȻԳƽֲǿ
ġһ󵨽ʶըۡĴըʽ
ʲôأʵԳƽֱӹϵ˵
ǣ10ǰĹѾִ߱ʣΪʲôִΪ
Ļȴͣ˼ھ5ǰŷ
Ϊ10ǰȻѾγִһȽϴԣ
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תȫִġϵͳĴԹ졣Ӵˣִ
ʱȶͬʱΪģĻģõٶȷչ[34]
һתǶʱͻȻģԿ֮Ϊը
ϵͳı仯ڻʯҵֱ֤ݣֳΪ󵨽͡

ȻΪǿ1999ġĵ·Ļ
Դ[35]һĿհ棬ҲǴҪȻҲ
һ㡣ĵǣڽлþƶɽ
ᣬԭȷ˻ύ򡣶ķ֣
ĵһȱ֪ʶҲʱΥѧ淶ǰµóģԣ
ĽǷţҲֵûˡ

ҲһΪ뷢չҪá
ȻӦѧĵȴڴˡʹ
ʹȥ˼νпѧо⡣Ϊ¿ѧƵѧ
ȱѧƻʶ׼ȷۣΣѧ
оʱӦʵӳ׼ȷ⡣ϸҪĶ͹
ãѧоҪһѧ淶ѧ顣򣬿ѧ
о׳Ϊѧթƭ۷ Ŀƪʱִѧƶȵ
һۣѧƶʹѧ߲롮publish or 
perish澺š⣬ѧҪô롮졯Ķѭ
ҪôΪѧƶȵġԵˡҲֻеƷˡ
ѧı׼ɡ족ѧƶգѧıΡ

--------------------------------

[1] ڴԳתе塷㽭ѧѧ
ѧ棩20032ڡ
[2] Richard G. Klein with Blake Edgar, The Dawn of Human Culture: 
A Bold New Theory on What Sparked the Big Bang of Human 
Consciousness, New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. , 2002. ǿ
1999The Human Career: Human Biological and Cultural Originsһ
Ŀѧռ档ĽΪĻһ󵨽
ʶըۡ
[3] 꿵ҪУԴо½չ⡷ѧѧ
19944ڣȫ̵˼ѧѧ1995
4 ڣϷǵĹоѧѧ19954ڡӧҪ
УԴļ⡷ʷ19942ڣִ
Դ⡷ʷ19955ڣԶ·֡
ʷ19983ڡ 
[4] Orrorin tugenensis2000ڿͼɽTugen Hills·
Ļʯ࣬OrrorinڵطΪˣOriginal manΪ
سΪǧˡMillennium manδΪǧ
Գͼ֡L. C. Aiello & Mark Collard, Our Newest Oldest Ancestor ?, 
Nature410, 526-527(2001). Michael Balter, Scientists Spar Over Claims 
of Earliest Human Ancestor, Science291, 1460-1461(2001). 
[5] Ibid. , p. 70. 
[6] 꿵ѧʷһƭ֡Ƥ˻ʯ
ѧѧ19971ڣ46ҳ 
[7] ˴ݿԭдIbid. , pp. 23-24. 
[8] Ӧ䣺һ˳չĶȺڳò̬ͬ
ʱݻɼ뻷Ӧ͵ЩȺ, ҪĽṹ
λԴСı仯 
[9] ּڹͬԵϵ״ 
[10] ӦƻȻѡĽֵͬ
Ϊģʽ 
[11] Ibid. , p. 91-92. 
[12] ǹѧҽΪ֣garhiڵذ
Ϊ桱 
[13] Elizabeth Culotta, A New Human Ancestor, Science284, 
572-573(1999). Jean de Heinzelin et al., Environment and Behavior of 
2.5-Million-Year-Old Bouri Hominids, Science284, 625-629(1999). 
Berhane Asfaw et al., Australopithecus garhi: A New Species of Early 
Hominid from Ethiopia, Science284, 629-635(1999). 
[14] Ibid. , p. 21. 
[15] ûмЩʹͶìԶɱ 
[16] Ibid. , pp. 17-19. 
[17] Ibid. , p. 11-12; Stanley H. Ambrose, Chronology of the Later 
Stone Age and Food Production in East Africa, Journal of 
Archaeological Science25, 377-392(1998). 
[18] T. White et al., Australopithecus ramidus, A New Species of 
Early Hominid from Aramis, Ethiopia, Nature371, 306-312(1994). 
[19] T. White et al., Letter: Australopithecus ramidus, A New 
Species of Early Hominid from Aramis, Ethiopia, Nature375, 88(1995). 
[20] Yohannes Haile-Selassie, Late Miocene hominids from the 
Middle Awash, Ethiopia, Nature412, 178-181(2001). 
[21] Ibid. , pp. 37-38.
[22] ӧ̣ǽ̤ʵصֱ͡߼ǵ
ѧʷѧо19961ڡ 
[23] ʵԳָǷԳɺʹɣݻ
ִࡣ׼ȷıǣ޵ĹԳ 
[24] ˴ﲻ׼ȷܽԭMeave EppsӢʿѧ
ѧʿѧλڵĹѧ¡Richard Leakey
֣ǳҡ1970Ϊ¡ĵڶӡ¡
ȷڹѧԺյ塣 
[25] ѧKenyanthropusȻҲΪǹԳ
ʡΪѱѧָKenyapithecusһпԳͬ
ȵĿǵԳĺ׺anthropusСˡ˼
ΪɿԳƽֱȽϺʡ 
[26] ĵ129ҳ 
[27] ĵ129ҳ 
[28] Ibid. , p. 61. 
[29] Ibid. , pp. 76-77. 
[30] Ibid. , p. 86. 
[31] Meave. G. Leakey et al., New Hominin Genus from Eastern 
Africa Shows Diverse Middle Pliocene Lineages, Nature410, 433-440(2001). 
BernardWood & MarkCollard, The Human Genus, Science284, 65-71(1999). 
[32] Daniel. E. Lieberman, Another Face in Our Family Tree, 
Nature410, 419-420(2001). 
[33] Meave. G. Leakey et al., New Hominin Genus from Eastern 
Africa Shows Diverse Middle Pliocene Lineages, Nature410, 433-440(2001). 
[34] Ibid. , pp. 270-273. 
[35] Richard G. Klein, The Human Career: Human Biological and 
Cultural Origins, 2nd Edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 
1999. 

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뿴Ϻͨѧ̩ѧԺӸԪô

ߣ

Ϻͨѧ̩ѧԺڹҲǰéѧԺˣҪһ
Ҫ¡һƵζ෢أϺͨѧ̩
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ڼһЩͬѧΪʿҵѾʣģͨϵ
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⡣ 

ͨ齻ͼݿԿľǵڶߺĲʿĵݣ
ӸԪĲʿڼоݺɣ˺ɵӸԪȴ
ĵһߣԭǵڶߺⷢ㹻ʿҵˣ˸
¸ԼͬѧӸԪͬͬѧ

ٿڡϵͳ۷Ӧá2004 2ڵġй˾Ϣ
¶еٷһģߣ; 佳; ӸԪͨ齻ͼݿ
ԿҲӸԪĲʿо޹أһǽ
ҵĲʿ佳䵼ʦӸԪ˱㳵ڵٿڡϵͳ
۷Ӧá2006 3ڵġPSĽϵȽԵۺۡ 
ߣΰ 佳ӸԪҲӸԪĲʿоݺ
ɡһΰǽҵĲʿ佳䵼ʦӸԪ˱㳵
ڵ

ַƵʹãʹ˿ɹ۵ϸ־ĵ
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ԺĸˡҲԿڵĲֻԼĲʿ´﷢µҪ
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ձ顢ǰŻоԱָĲʿαݱҷ
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1. Xiaoli Wang, Huamin Zhang, Jianlu Zhang, Haifeng Xu, Xiaobing 
Zhu, Jian Chen, Baolian Yi, A bi-functional micro-porous layer with 
composite carbon black for PEM fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources 
162 (2006) 474C479.

2. X.L. Wang, H.M. Zhang, J.L. Zhang, H.F. Xu, Z.Q. Tian, J. Chen, 
H.X. Zhong, Y.M. Liang, B.L. Yi, Micro-porous layer with composite 
carbon black for PEM fuel cells, Electrochimica Acta 51 (2006) 4909C
4915.

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24412ҳڶеڶεCC composite carbon black 
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Sciences˵пԺо±ΪйԺԺʿ2ȴ
2006ΪпԺоʿʦʿ˵Ժʿо
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µͬһ

ʵEric

רҵҪйڿȫݿʱһȽϹ
󣬰չ̿ƼѧԺϵڵڡչ̿ƼѧԺѧ
21 1 2006 3 £һƪġƵϵͳӦģ
о䷢һӿƼѧѧ35  2 ڣ
2006 4 £ϵһƪ¡ANFISƵĽƵϵͳоо
ơ

½ƵϵͳӦģоΪһ
ANFISƵĽƵϵͳоΪĶҵóһЩ

һĵıһֻǽӦģơΪANFIS
ơANFISadaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system

ĵժҪƶΪ90%

һժҪԽ綯仯͸زضԽƵϵ
ͳܵӰ,ʵģ,һֻӦģ
(ANFIS) ٶȵ. ʵ,ANFIS ĽƵٿ
ϵͳ̬;̬ܶõ,Ҿнǿ³.
ĶժҪԽ綯ʸϵͳ仯͸ز
ضʹܱ⣬һֻӦģϵͳΪ
綯ʸϵͳٶȵʵӦ
ģϵͳƵ첽ʸϵͳ̬̬ܶõߣ
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ĵϵͳṹ

һһ
ڶ֣ϵͳṹ
֣ANFIS ṹ
Ĳ֣ʵ
岿֣ᡡ

ĶһҲʵΪ
ڶ֣ϵͳṹ 
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Ĳ֣ʵ
岿֣ᡡ

ṹŻһ

ġĵĵһΪ70%ڶȫһһϵͳṹͼ
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ĶĸΣһΣԿһ±֪һֻȡ
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塢ߵĲοȫһƪƪõĲοϲ
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.......

ˣſһӢժҪǺǣ֪һĵ˼
潫ĵӢժҪ£

һĿResearch on the AC variable frequency speed regulating 
control system based adaptive neuro2fuzzy inference system

Abstract Due to the variations in motor parameters and loads of 
t he AC motor variable f requency control system , the fuzzy inference 
system based on t he adaptive neural networks is designed for the 
speed adjustment of t he AC motor variable f requency cont rol system . 
Simulation result s show t hat the induction motor vector cont rol 
system with ANFIS can improve the static and dynamic performance of t 
he motor and has good robust ness.
Key words neuro-fuzzy inference ; adaptive control ; AC variable 
frequency speed regulating

ĶĿResearch of AC Variable Frequency Speed Regulating 
Control System

Abstract Due to the variation of motor parameters and load of 
the AC motor vector control system, the fuzzy inference system based 
on the adaptive neural networks is designed to use at the speed 
adjustment of the AC motor vector control system . Simulation results 
show that the induction motor vector control system with adaptive  
neuro-fuzzy inference system can improve the static and dynamic 
performance of the motor and has good robust.
Key words adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference vector control AC 
variable frequency speed regulating

һͿ֪ĵӢժҪһģһǿ.......

¾˵һЩĿ

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Σ



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úгĸЩ!

жԽںͲĿ̣Ҫѧȫ̷񶨣Ļĵ
ºͼǲңԶֻЩ̫̫ĵðͷǰܻ˽ںͲ
Ϊ;ʮڻȻ𾴵ģ˵
ѧԶֵ𾴺ӵΪݼϣ

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ԶҪ򲻷̵ĲƷ

лȺ

ͬͿչھţȳҵĲƷҾͿ
ʵ̫ˡֹҪһ£ӦõƵǹΪֹ
ЩʳƷвĲ̣ҪԶƣӦҪ
һ鵽ףѲ˺֪ĹͽٲⱵĹң
ȴʳƷץ𡣷ǷĲҪ׷ɣش񽡿Σ
ģҪγҵֻ˲ܶȻ
ţ̸ɾ˼Ҫˡ

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ȳӦΣ

googgone

ڡʯ̷¼ۡᵽӵ²
εġҪٱ׼䡣

ѧϰˡʶҪֽɰܱաҲա
ѧϰˡɹء֪ʶҲ԰׽𡣵ǣѧϰˡɱ̱
Ӫһǻѡ񳬸̡̱ڳ
һ䣬ܺϴ£ܣ㡣ɱҪأ
ؼҺҪŵڶ糿ֲ̣ƻӪ
̫鷳ˡ±棬㡣ӽܣţ̾
άʧϴ󣬶ʧȥţеĿڸкͷζΪ
ǵĽнζҺţҪΪ˲ƣӪר˵̲Ч
ãάأȫԿ룬ڿζȹˡ㾫
̡ϰߡֻе㣬һζء޵Ӫƻ
޴÷㣬ֵáѡţ̶ԣʳƷ֪ʶҵѡƺû
ʲôӰ졣

¹¼֮ƷʳƷ֪ʶôѷˣһǻѡ
̡ȳͬǡƴԼʳ¹
֮Ŷڳ̻൱ȫꡣǣ
ߺߡʳƷ֪ʶжϵأ

ڽʯ̷¼Уһ̵ڡжΡϲ
ȳҪΣ̫ˣ

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̸飬Ѱ

ߣ˼

ǰҽ˽Լʼιʵμ׾ġι
̹¡ҪǵĹһʱġĸȡУĸǶĸι
ѹƲ㣬ʵһ۾׶϶ĸ鲻ϸ
پһЩʦƫҾʹҷԼι̾
ܴڵѺҽԺĳ洦ֱָ̡ιƿ֮ࡣ
Щʵ鱻Ѱǿסģѧʵҽ˼ά

ԭ򣬲ҶһλɫЩƤϵ
š䶯šƾűǳɹǰҵ
ʼ˱Ȼϵ۵Ĵ죬Ҫ͹ֵ
μѰġˮĺáʾΪʲô
أΪʶǣӤͷؽᣬͷԴ
ȣһҪԺѧϰСеˣ
ܹĶƤǰ̵׳٣ҪþȰɣ

ôѰôشҵʵأҪһȽϼ⣬Ǿ
ΪרҵԱƾʲôһרҵԱ¼Լľ
ܿɿôǵǺܿЦģΪǲѰж
ԭߵоŶӵĳţоġҶ־ϡ
ѰġѾ鵱ҽ˼ά 

ΣҲݸѰָйѵ˵Ķ˼ά
ԭһΪؼһǱνȨѹԭ
ҵġ׼ż񡱾ܲǿʶȴײǿȦˡڿѧ磬
ѷ¾͵ɣôCritical 
Thinkingκһѧ棬ɹ˷ѽĵط
ǲרҵ⣬ˣǸĶҲĽ
˵ķǷרҵԱƾʲôһרҵԱ¼
ǲҵжҵоŶӵĳţδ
䣬piaһҶ ѧȦӵģҵһֻӴܡ

һĴ֪״̬νȨѹҲԸ뵱Ȼش
СڹȭŶ˺üˡƶСѰҲ̫
Լ˰˵ĹҲοףƪ²[1]
Ҫȥҹĵⲻж1Ѱνġ
ĸǰɵľʲôһй̣2
ĸȽӴ15-20ӣ20أ֮ٽӴͽӴ
(ĸӤӴ1Сʱ) ֮ĲǷ죿 ǰһ
ⴿ棬ҲҺѰһµĽ㣬һ漰ҪҪ
ٴʵƹһСʱʱĸӤӴ

ڵһ⣬RighardԭĲûиϸȷӤʲôλ
ÿʼʵṩƬѰʱ뵱Ȼطһ£
⡣СְƼҵĹڡbreast crawlվ[2] 
ҵĵһʡṩҪѧ֤֮һҲѰᵽRighard 
and Alade (1990)ƪ¡վָbreast crawlľʵ
 Сĳʼλãstart positionô涨
ģNose in the midline of the mothers chest, eyes at the level of 
the nipples ӤͷſĸؿڣӴĸز߼֮䣬
ͷˮƽϣԭѰνġĸǰСԴſ
֮䣬תͷͼֱһͷ˶ǲ
ˣһصؾʹСְ֣һ֤ʵСʱ۲쵽
˶һһµġѰɷӵת֮£ǲǴ
ѧأ᲻󵼲˽Ķأ

˵һǺܸжܹ̽Ѱͷ˱Ĺ̡
ȤѿȥվṩһƵ鲻׵趼
ΪСӤȺ͸жƵڳҽԱ
վһʱס̾Ǹ漣It was a thrilling 
experience not only for the parents but for the entire staff, who felt 
that they had witnessed a miracle. ·Ǿ֪ѣԼûι
֮ǰҲͼȥ˽Ⲹѣ鱾ϽӴ֪ʶƽģ
ʱΪӡҲѹѰؿڳûʲô
ġ

ѧ֪ѰǿǶĹϵһζǿ
ǲɿġİôṩοֵзһأ
ִѧʵ֤ѧʵ鷽Ϊ֤ͨĿѧν
ѭ֤Ӧǿȡ̵Ŀ͹ԺͿѧԣ˫ä֮ࡣ
ѧоĽΥֱҪ˼ͷ
ʵǰǿԷḻ;ģôͳ˿ѧ֪Ȼˣ

شһѰҸ˾ɡȻ䣬̳
̥ȾҴһù֮⣬ûʹκλѧҩ߲ػ
ҺѰҽʲʷͰҴ롰Ϊյ쳣
Ϊӡ֤ĵԩˡʵ΢Ķ
һҵĲ龭ĻѰ϶ǲмΪ֮ģžܿó
ڹģᵽͬ举ŮĸӤӴǲ
ʩ̷ֲЩҽϡѰȻҪѰ̷ϣ
ֻóϣԼϲ̷ģٶѧܶ࣬Ҳ
ϺͿҽ

ΣѰĸӤӴʳĽܻǺмֵġֵ
עǣRighardƪ1990£ṩѹԵĲ죨
ųӰģӴ鼸Ӥ飻ֻһһ
룩ָܱʵ鲻̫˫äɵģ仰˵۲
Ԥ֪ͬĴģͬʱͬ۲ʱҲв𡣵
ֵýһоġƪҲûнһظٳͷ
ڵĲ졣Ϊʲô20ȥˣӤĸӤӴ1С
ʱķûеõ㷺ƹ㣿Һ֪оûоף
ǽѰν߶ֻǼȷʵõĿʼҲֻǵ
һϣٴиŬעָĸι

ο
[1] Righard L, Alade MO. Effect of delivery room routines on success of first breast-feed. Lancet. 1990 Nov 3;336(8723):1105-7.
[2] INITIATION OF BREASTFEEDING BY BREAST CRAWL http://breastcrawl.org/

(XYS20080930)

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ӡйĶҲ谷

ձϢӡйĶҲ谷
¼ũҽýѯʱʾйƷ⣬Ҳ
йʳƷǷ谷

ũҽֱʾ¼дйڵţ̺Ʒѱ¼ܣ
ЩƷӦö

ǰӡʾйƷ⣬4ַǷڵй춹
ϣҲ谷ʹй¼йķ
ƷҲܺ谷

⣬28ٴηֺ谷ıԺ󣬺ʳƷҩƷȫ
Ժд󶹵׳ɷֵйƷҲʵʩ谷顣󶹵Էĩ̬ڣ
ҪڽʳƷ⣬ڻȡˮȡʳƷߵ


Ŀǰ޳ڴ󶹵ʳɷм谷̷
һʳƷпܻΪߵʺڴ󶹵׵м谷
ʳҩǵһ㣬ȡʩ

ʳҩʳƷƳӱʾΪ˼ĵǣӡԤ
ȡʵʩļ顣ȥ꺫йڵĴΪ17֡

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ٻйƷ

20080930ջձİ

ʳƷ޹˾(Cadbury PLC)һ䱱ĲƷ
£ǰɿƷз˻ԭ谷ӶΪйţ
ŵһܺ˾

ֹ̫˾Cadbury Asia Pacificƣ˶
һϵвƷĿŶȲɣΪԤʩù˾ٻйɿ
11ֲƷ

ٻصǹй½ۺ̨ۡһƷCadbury 
Eclairs CandyڰĴۡ

гƣţ̹ӦйĴģжû
⣬йƷнһ⡣ֹ̫˾
˷ƶ(Trish Fields)˵һЩƷ΢谷ܾ˵
ЩƷȾԴв

ƶ˵ڼɿȫУйɿռ
0.5%ɼһ׶»1.4%574ʿ

ٻ¼͹˶йţ̳ŵѶȡԳűȫ
ܻںţ̳ɷݵʳƷз谷ŷˡӡȡ
һЩҷ׷ٻػֹزƷ

ĩӡʾⷢӡ۵12ֲƷ
谷аʳƷ(Mars Food Co. Ltd.)ֹ˾M&M'sʿ
ܡ

һжӡļ飬һ޹
ļϵĲƷҵļδ⡣ϳȷ
йɿǹκβ谷ţ̳ɷݣвƷ
ɰȫʳá

ӡԱûлӦһҪ

йصֳȾ̷۵3׶һط4
ݣ54,000ͯ༲谷ˮţ
̻򵰰ʺţ̣Գ䵰ʺֵ

ƶ˵ѽ֪ͨй½йص֣ԤƽڱЩ
ʱ򷢲ʽΪԱĿǰףΪһܵĹڡͬʱ
Ҳй̽ͨ

ݹٷý»籨ййصּ漰ţ̷ˡӱʡ
22谷ţйصԱ

ԱУ1917ֳţչվĹԱݾ
ƣ谷ڵ¹Ȼ۸ֳչվ

Sky Canaves / Jason Dean

(XYS20080930)

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ٻ̲Ʒ Ȼ¹ڸ

20080929ջձİ

ٻһƷ֪ȲߵܿȺ̲ƷҲ
״ٻйţ̳йصĲƷһǣйӤ׶䷽̷Ⱦ
˾ƣйطӣʹù˾ںüڶδ
¶ࡣ

ʳƷҩƷල(FDA)߲Ҫ7ֲ(Mr. Brown)
Ⱥ̲ƷΪûЩƷܵ谷Ⱦ
һжѧйӤ׶ʳúнϸߺ谷̷۶
3Ӥ׶FDA˵̨𳵹ɷ޹˾(King 
Car Food Industrial Co.)ڶ̷۵ĵǶٻزƷFDAδ
ļз谷Ҳûյйʳøù˾Ʒı档

FDAʾӦñԴǡǹƷҲ
谷֮۵ȵص̵׷׽йܻӭǹܡ
û˵Ŀǰ۵ţزƷļⷶΧ

ǺͲʿȾۣǰԼ
ĥȳٻصĲܿҪFDA˵ԱѾ
ȫٸгǷвƷܵȾй䷽̷ۡ

ǰ(H.J. Heinz Co.)ٻһ270Ӥʳ
ƷΪЩƷ谷ܸù˾˾˵Ԥʩ
ΪƷе谷ԶԶ۵İȫ׼

谷űԽԽҪΪѾǡ繤йڳΪһ
ҪʳƷڹʾ2007ʳƷͼڽͬ
20%2000150%ݲںʳƷӹʳƷԭ
ϣ̷ۡ

פ׶صʳƷҵʺ(Leo Hepner)˵йʳƷԭ
Ӧȫûмܡ

ʱֻӤ׶䷽̷м⣬ĿǰѾй
ĺܶƷз谷⵼ŷˡӡȺͺȷ׷ٻػǽֹ
йƷ

Ʒ̺Ȼ(Fonterra Co-operative Group)ϯִг
״ζ¼Ľչϸ¶绳Ӥ׶䷽̷⣬
ǰ¶谷Ⱦ

Ȼûм¶ܵ˵ù˾ϯִ
г³(Andrew Ferrier)˸ù˾ĽͣйطԱֹ
ٻȾţ̡˵йط˸ù˾Ϊ
ܲѾ֪¡

Ȼʯׯ¹(Shijiazhuang Sanlu Group) 43%ĹɷݣĿ
ǰΪֹ¹Ӥ׶䷽̷Ǳ谷ߵĲƷ˵
82գȻ߹ڵ¹»ᱻ֪谷Ⱦ¼¹
Ա3·ݾѻ֪б˵Ӥ׶ʳøù˾Ӥ׶䷽
۶һϢֱ911ղŹڡ

ڽܵ绰ɷʱ˵ù˾ййزЭȷĿ
ǰĻ¾ٻزƷ˵ù˾û¶¸еޱʧ
ڲɷ˵úȻĹԱһѾء

˵Ȼ¹ҵڵʯׯĵطŹԱǳ
˵ǿٻزƷǲҪ¶˵˵ǳ
ȶᡢάҪΪйزŵֹпܻ
ٻع

йѾ⡢طŹԱָڸţȾ
ࡣٷý»籨ƣʯׯίԹӽ±ϼ
йزšòһְʯׯطԼйͰȫܻ
ܾͺȻ˵

Ȼһ1.1ũɵĺ֯2005ù˾
1.07Ԫչ¹Ĳֹɷݡ¹22ұ谷Ĺ˾
ĵһ谷ӵţпߵţ̵ĵʺֵ

֯(World Health Organization)פ׿(Hans 
Troedsson)һ˵ڵ֪ʱʱͨͲ
ڵĳ̶ȣָйطţ̵̳ΪûжԺ
Ȼ¹Ľɫ

˵82ն»ĴգȻйʯׯŽ
̸ҪȫĹٻءԱǷ߽¶飬
ֽ֧Ʒܡ˵ù˾ϣΪǵĲĻ
ᱻԱų⵽֮⡣˵¹ٻ1Ⱦ̷ۡ

˵һѡй֮¶ʩѹ
Ǹù˾Ϊʹʧء82վ뱱˻ῪĻвһ
ʱ䣬ѾȶΪͷȴ¡˵ǸԼ
ʶ˾ٻزƷʱЧʺܸߡ

˵Ȼĸ߹ΪǱطԱˣΪйز
ͨʱţȻͱĸ߹
ÿڵ绰Ͼƽۡ95գ÷(Major)פй
ʹݹԱ棬Ѱ顣ڴǰǷĽӴ˵졣

FDA˵ݼطԱּгԿܺдţ
̻ţ̵ʵйƷм⡣FDA˵ûѾⷶΧӤ
䷽̷ţȡԭϺͺţ̲Ʒǹ㡢Ϻȫ
̷֬ۡ

ʳƷѾʾûܵ谷Ⱦ¼Ӱ졣
۶ȸ˾(Nestle SA)ڶʳƷ̿ʳƷ(Kraft 
Foods Inc.)˵йҵûʹйƷ

Shai Oster / Loretta Chao / Jason Leow / Jane Zhang

(XYS20080930)

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αƼĹ㶫Ƽ

ߣloo

    927յġB6
http://news.idoican.com.cn/ycwb/html/2008-09/27/node_5201.htm㶫
԰ϼҽѧƼ˹㶫Ƽ
顶еĽ롷ϼ͡Ȥ̸֪ϼࣩ

    ݽܣҽѧۣȡ׾Ժҽ˵۶γ
ģҲͬҽҽֺҽҽĳЩϵһ׾ԣҲ
֪Щʲôɫˡ߻иۣ˵ƣһ
ģŴһǱ仯ģ彡
״ĸıı䡣һݿ콡״ĸıı䣬ô
Ƴʶʲôã

    Щûгˣҡһҽʦˡǵйѧ̩
ǮѧɭϼŹ.

    㶫ƼΪƼʵαƼһ´СһĿ
Ȼѧҽ顷ˡҽһѧͨƵھһѧͨ
10飬ҽһоһѧͨףǱ̨
Ϊꡣ

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߿Ƶ
 
ߣľ

ã

    һλҵĲʿÿ˿վܾ
ڷѧܺͿշľ޴ס

    ƵˮƵݵȱƷƭ֣˿·
¶ڱҲرǣԹ㶫Ƶ޹˾Ϊ
ҵĿǰȻȫشƭߣ˱ù˾νר
ϴԣ˵ȰӡһЩ¶¸ǿǾ
ǲţúܶͥìܷǺ˲ǳɶǣ˱
Υͨ¶֮ƭӹ˾ԽԽթڲƷ˵дĶ
ȽϹص־䣬ʱʹΰٲˣԸع̲ź
Ѳǡ˿λרǷרҾͿƵˮ
һЩ⣬뷽ŷʤм

    ƵˮǾ㶫ʡҩעҽеƷ׼Ĺ
ܰڿǻʺססϵͳʯصȼĸ
ƺͱ㶫ʡҩƾʲô׼ЩЧģҲ²⣬Ӧ
ǿṫ˾ṩһЩʵĹػṩĲƷЧǣ
Ҫ֤ȷʵڿǻʺססϵͳʯصȼ
ĸƺͱôӦϸĶʵ(Ҳѧҽģⷽ
ĳҪȫϤǶЩƭӹ˾ģʽڳɹ
ƷĻǳǮͿģ˽⣬䡰ƷЧ϶
ǾϸʵóģΪġƷⱨ棬
ƭӹ˾пͨ㶫ʡҩֵ飬ȥƭߡҵǣ
Ҫ߿ṫ˾ǷӦ߲߳ƷⱨĻ
ʤΣרҴͽǷԴӱķߣƷڹڵļ̫
ˣѵľûа취ֹṫ˾޳ܵƭӹ˾

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ڡ⹴ġһعƭӡ˵

Yush

ڡ߹Aع()ᡱԼƱվĳҽԺ
ʽʽϣ½ܵΪԺϸɲΡݴˣ
⹴ġһعƭӡһ۶ϣ

ڹܾܿʵġԺϸɲĸ
ˡĵα½ܡ
Լ
һƭֵʼٸߣˣǡ֯Э
˼·Ľ˹ЧơĹԺϸɲ
ĸ˱½Ρ

ϸ˲ϹվԺϸɲӦΪ2005
꣩ƽ2006񣩡ϹվϢ½ӦΪвɲ
ְ꣬Ϊ粿ˡˣ۶Ӧ޸Ϊ

ڹܾܿǱΪԺϸɲΡı½ܡ
Լ
һƭֵʼٸߣˣǳҥĹԺϸɲ
ĸµġ֯Э˹˼·Ľ
˹Чơĸвɲ½ܡ

(XYS20080930)

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ڱѧ2008ѵϵĽ

Ϊ˲̫ʩһ̲̫¹ȻΥŵΪӬͷ
С¶ɺˣȱµĵ͡Ƿʩһ2008о
ѧϵĽ̵ȱɵĸ㡣

ѧѧԺѧԺҽѧԺѧԺ Ѱ

λʦԱͬѧã

Դӵν벩ͨԶ̽ķʽΪṩһЩ
˼ᣬУԭڿѧϽ˵ԱĽ̫
࣬Լ˯ţλ̨Щǰһ
ϣ벻⣬Ѱһ£ҶĿҳ
δУԸ֪ѧ˯ûУ
Ц

ʩˣѰѧֽܸӣѰ˶ʿҵ
̨ſھ˵û׼û׼ϵرش
СʱҵʱƨˣڶûлָЦҶһѹ
ƨϸһɵĻᡣЦҾ׼СʱҪһСʱ꣬
ҵĿǽôͷѣƨҲˡЦ

Ǳѧѧλģ֪Уҽ
ģ˵£ԭֻŹܹˣȴУЦҵһ
УһسҵȣҺƣ˵ҵȾе㾲
ţϿǴڽ̨ϽģӰݵġЦУ˵
ģ뿴ҵȶĻǳÿһμУȶҪ
ѡڣͿ˵ȶЦѰˣ
ҪҾúû죬зˡЦ

Ǳѧƾе٣ܸʲô״ıȣֻܸȡ
ҽǱУѵΪ㱴ǿϢԸ״ҲĪֻ
ԼһᡱУѰ£˵ºʵڣҶ
ģûҪӳŴ죬˵Щв顣

жũ壿پ֡жԳУҲپ֡ˣ㡢
㡢㣬Ȳũ壬ҲԳУǴģûйе񹤣ţ
ʱũİɡûмǮܶࡢģûУãԺʱ
ҪڿдҼҺǮѰĴԶֵģ
֪ʶû׷Ҳͺ㣬㣬100֡ߺòã
ЦҪ׼ǱԳɼУģУʲô
ѧĳɼɼãѰɼҲǾϲԣ
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